Systems and methods for signaling general constraint information in video coding

ABSTRACT

A device may be configured to general constraint information according to one or more of the techniques described herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to video coding and more particularly to techniques for signaling general constraint information for coded video.

BACKGROUND

Digital video capabilities can be incorporated into a wide range of devices, including digital televisions, laptop or desktop computers, tablet computers, digital recording devices, digital media players, video gaming devices, cellular telephones, including so-called smartphones, medical imaging devices, and the like. Digital video may be coded according to a video coding standard. Video coding standards define the format of a compliant bitstream encapsulating coded video data. A compliant bitstream is a data structure that may be received and decoded by a video decoding device to generate reconstructed video data. Video coding standards may incorporate video compression techniques. Examples of video coding standards include ISO/IEC MPEG-4 Visual and ITU-T H.264 (also known as ISO/IEC MPEG-4 AVC) and High-Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). HEVC is described in High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), Rec. ITU-T H.265, December 2016, which is incorporated by reference, and referred to herein as ITU-T H.265. Extensions and improvements for ITU-T H.265 are currently being considered for the development of next generation video coding standards. For example, the ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) and ISO/IEC (Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) (collectively referred to as the Joint Video Exploration Team (JVET)) are working to standardized video coding technology with a compression capability that significantly exceeds that of the current HEVC standard. The Joint Exploration Model 7 (JEM 7), Algorithm Description of Joint Exploration Test Model 7 (JEM 7), ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 Document: JVET-G1001, July 2017, Torino, IT, which is incorporated by reference herein, describes the coding features that were under coordinated test model study by the JVET as potentially enhancing video coding technology beyond the capabilities of ITU-T H.265. It should be noted that the coding features of JEM 7 are implemented in JEM reference software. As used herein, the term JEM may collectively refer to algorithms included in JEM 7 and implementations of JEM reference software. Further, in response to a “Joint Call for Proposals on Video Compression with Capabilities beyond HEVC,” jointly issued by VCEG and MPEG, multiple descriptions of video coding tools were proposed by various groups at the 10^(th) Meeting of ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 16-20 Apr. 2018, San Diego, Calif. From the multiple descriptions of video coding tools, a resulting initial draft text of a video coding specification is described in “Versatile Video Coding (Draft 1),” 10^(th) Meeting of ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 16-20 Apr. 2018, San Diego, Calif., document JVET-J1001-v2, which is incorporated by reference herein, and referred to as JVET-J1001. The current development of a next generation video coding standard by the VCEG and MPEG is referred to as the Versatile Video Coding (VVC) project. “Versatile Video Coding (Draft 9),” 18th Meeting of ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 15-24 Apr. 2020, Teleconference, document JVET-R2001-vA, which is incorporated by reference herein, and referred to as JVET-R2001, represents the current iteration of the draft text of a video coding specification corresponding to the VVC project.

Video compression techniques enable data requirements for storing and transmitting video data to be reduced. Video compression techniques may reduce data requirements by exploiting the inherent redundancies in a video sequence. Video compression techniques may sub-divide a video sequence into successively smaller portions (i.e., groups of pictures within a video sequence, a picture within a group of pictures, regions within a picture, sub-regions within regions, etc.). Intra prediction coding techniques (e.g., spatial prediction techniques within a picture) and inter prediction techniques (i.e., inter-picture techniques (temporal)) may be used to generate difference values between a unit of video data to be coded and a reference unit of video data. The difference values may be referred to as residual data. Residual data may be coded as quantized transform coefficients. Syntax elements may relate residual data and a reference coding unit (e.g., intra-prediction mode indices, and motion information). Residual data and syntax elements may be entropy coded. Entropy encoded residual data and syntax elements may be included in data structures forming a compliant bitstream.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

A method of decoding video data, the method comprising:

receiving a profile level tier syntax structure providing level information and, optionally, profile, tier, sub-profile, and general constraints information;

parsing a first syntax element indicating a level to which a video sequence conforms, and that is aligned as a second byte of the profile level tier syntax structure;

parsing a second syntax element specifying whether general constraints information syntax elements are present in the profile level tier syntax structure; and parsing a third syntax element, specifying whether a constraint is imposed, by using a value of the second syntax element.

A device comprising one or more processors configured to: receive a profile level tier syntax structure providing level information and, optionally, profile, tier, sub-profile, and general constraints information;

parse a first syntax element indicating a level to which a video sequence conforms, and that is aligned as a second byte of the profile level tier syntax structure;

parse a second syntax element specifying whether general constraints information syntax elements are present in the profile level tier syntax structure; and

parse a third syntax element, specifying whether a constraint is imposed, by using a value of the second syntax element.

A method of encoding mage data, the method comprising:

signaling a profile level tier syntax structure providing level information and, optionally, profile, tier, sub-profile, and general constraints information,

wherein the profile level tier syntax structure includes a first syntax element indicating a level to which a video sequence conforms, and that is aligned as a second byte of the profile level tier structure, the general constraints information includes (i) a second syntax element specifying whether general constraints information syntax elements are present in the profile level tier syntax structure and (ii) a third syntax element, specifying whether a constraint is imposed, by using a value of the second syntax element.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a system that may be configured to encode and decode video data according to one or more techniques of this disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram illustrating coded video data and corresponding data structures according to one or more techniques of this disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a conceptual diagram illustrating a data structure encapsulating coded video data and corresponding metadata according to one or more techniques of this disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a conceptual drawing illustrating an example of components that may be included in an implementation of a system that may be configured to encode and decode video data according to one or more techniques of this disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a video encoder that may be configured to encode video data according to one or more techniques of this disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a video decoder that may be configured to decode video data according to one or more techniques of this disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In general, this disclosure describes various techniques for coding video data. In particular, this disclosure describes techniques for signaling general constraint information for coded video data. It should be noted that although techniques of this disclosure are described with respect to ITU-T H.264, ITU-T H.265, JEM, and JVET-R2001, the techniques of this disclosure are generally applicable to video coding. For example, the coding techniques described herein may be incorporated into video coding systems, (including video coding systems based on future video coding standards) including video block structures, intra prediction techniques, inter prediction techniques, transform techniques, filtering techniques, and/or entropy coding techniques other than those included in ITU-T H.265, JEM, and JVET-R2001. Thus, reference to ITU-T H.264, ITU-T H.265, JEM, and/or JVET-R2001 is for descriptive purposes and should not be construed to limit the scope of the techniques described herein. Further, it should be noted that incorporation by reference of documents herein is for descriptive purposes and should not be construed to limit or create ambiguity with respect to terms used herein. For example, in the case where an incorporated reference provides a different definition of a term than another incorporated reference and/or as the term is used herein, the term should be interpreted in a manner that broadly includes each respective definition and/or in a manner that includes each of the particular definitions in the alternative.

In one example, a method of signaling parameters for video data comprises signaling a syntax element in a profile tier level syntax structure specifying whether a general constraint information syntax structure is present in the profile tier level syntax structure, and conditionally signaling a general constraint information syntax structure in the profile tier level syntax structure based on the value of the syntax element.

In one example, a device comprises one or more processors configured to signal a syntax element in a profile tier level syntax structure specifying whether a general constraint information syntax structure is present in the profile tier level syntax structure, and conditionally signal a general constraint information syntax structure in the profile tier level syntax structure based on the value of the syntax element.

In one example, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprises instructions stored thereon that, when executed, cause one or more processors of a device to signal a syntax element in a profile tier level syntax structure specifying whether a general constraint information syntax structure is present in the profile tier level syntax structure, and conditionally signal a general constraint information syntax structure in the profile tier level syntax structure based on the value of the syntax element.

In one example, an apparatus comprises means for signaling a syntax element in a profile tier level syntax structure specifying whether a general constraint information syntax structure is present in the profile tier level syntax structure, and means for conditionally signaling a general constraint information syntax structure in the profile tier level syntax structure based on the value of the syntax element.

In one example, a method of decoding video data comprises parsing a syntax element in a profile tier level syntax structure specifying whether a general constraint information syntax structure is present in the profile tier level syntax structure, and conditionally parsing a general constraint information syntax structure in the profile tier level syntax structure based on the value of the syntax element.

In one example, a device comprises one or more processors configured to parse a syntax element in a profile tier level syntax structure specifying whether a general constraint information syntax structure is present in the profile tier level syntax structure, and conditionally parse a general constraint information syntax structure in the profile tier level syntax structure based on the value of the syntax element.

In one example, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprises instructions stored thereon that, when executed, cause one or more processors of a device to parse a syntax element in a profile tier level syntax structure specifying whether a general constraint information syntax structure is present in the profile tier level syntax structure, and conditionally parse a general constraint information syntax structure in the profile tier level syntax structure based on the value of the syntax element.

In one example, an apparatus comprises means for parsing a syntax element in a profile tier level syntax structure specifying whether a general constraint information syntax structure is present in the profile tier level syntax structure, and means for conditionally parsing a general constraint information syntax structure in the profile tier level syntax structure based on the value of the syntax element.

The details of one or more examples are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

Video content includes video sequences comprised of a series of frames (or pictures). A series of frames may also be referred to as a group of pictures (GOP). Each video frame or picture may divided into one or more regions. Regions may be defined according to a base unit (e.g., a video block) and sets of rules defining a region. For example, a rule defining a region may be that a region must be an integer number of video blocks arranged in a rectangle. Further, video blocks in a region may be ordered according to a scan pattern (e.g., a raster scan). As used herein, the term video block may generally refer to an area of a picture or may more specifically refer to the largest array of sample values that may be predictively coded, sub-divisions thereof, and/or corresponding structures. Further, the term current video block may refer to an area of a picture being encoded or decoded. A video block may be defined as an array of sample values. It should be noted that in some cases pixel values may be described as including sample values for respective components of video data, which may also be referred to as color components, (e.g., luma (Y) and chroma (Cb and Cr) components or red, green, and blue components). It should be noted that in some cases, the terms pixel value and sample value are used interchangeably. Further, in some cases, a pixel or sample may be referred to as a pel. A video sampling format, which may also be referred to as a chroma format, may define the number of chroma samples included in a video block with respect to the number of luma samples included in a video block. For example, for the 4:2:0 sampling format, the sampling rate for the luma component is twice that of the chroma components for both the horizontal and vertical directions.

A video encoder may perform predictive encoding on video blocks and sub-divisions thereof. Video blocks and sub-divisions thereof may be referred to as nodes. ITU-T H.264 specifies a macroblock including 16×16 luma samples. That is, in ITU-T H.264, a picture is segmented into macroblocks. ITU-T H.265 specifies an analogous Coding Tree Unit (CTU) structure (which may be referred to as a largest coding unit (LCU)). In ITU-T H.265, pictures are segmented into CTUs. In ITU-T H.265, for a picture, a CTU size may be set as including 16×16, 32×32, or 64×64 luma samples. In ITU-T H.265, a CTU is composed of respective Coding Tree Blocks (CTB) for each component of video data (e.g., luma (Y) and chroma (Cb and Cr). It should be noted that video having one luma component and the two corresponding chroma components may be described as having two channels, i.e., a luma channel and a chroma channel. Further, in ITU-T H.265, a CTU may be partitioned according to a quadtree (QT) partitioning structure, which results in the CTBs of the CTU being partitioned into Coding Blocks (CB). That is, in ITU-T H.265, a CTU may be partitioned into quadtree leaf nodes. According to ITU-T H.265, one luma CB together with two corresponding chroma CBs and associated syntax elements are referred to as a coding unit (CU). In ITU-T H.265, a minimum allowed size of a CB may be signaled. In ITU-T H.265, the smallest minimum allowed size of a luma CB is 8×8 luma samples. In ITU-T H.265, the decision to code a picture area using intra prediction or inter prediction is made at the CU level.

In ITU-T H.265, a CU is associated with a prediction unit structure having its root at the CU. In ITU-T H.265, prediction unit structures allow luma and chroma CBs to be split for purposes of generating corresponding reference samples. That is, in ITU-T H.265, luma and chroma CBs may be split into respective luma and chroma prediction blocks (PBs), where a PB includes a block of sample values for which the same prediction is applied. In ITU-T H.265, a CB may be partitioned into 1, 2, or 4 PBs. ITU-T H.265 supports PB sizes from 64×64 samples down to 4×4 samples. In ITU-T H.265, square PBs are supported for intra prediction, where a CB may form the PB or the CB may be split into four square PBs. In ITU-T H.265, in addition to the square PBs, rectangular PBs are supported for inter prediction, where a CB may by halved vertically or horizontally to form PBs. Further, it should be noted that in ITU-T H.265, for inter prediction, four asymmetric PB partitions are supported, where the CB is partitioned into two PBs at one quarter of the height (at the top or the bottom) or width (at the left or the right) of the CB. Intra prediction data (e.g., intra prediction mode syntax elements) or inter prediction data (e.g., motion data syntax elements) corresponding to a PB is used to produce reference and/or predicted sample values for the PB.

JEM specifies a CTU having a maximum size of 256×256 luma samples. JEM specifies a quadtree plus binary tree (QTBT) block structure. In JEM, the QTBT structure enables quadtree leaf nodes to be further partitioned by a binary tree (BT) structure. That is, in JEM, the binary tree structure enables quadtree leaf nodes to be recursively divided vertically or horizontally. In JVET-R2001, CTUs are partitioned according a quadtree plus multi-type tree (QTMT or QT+MTT) structure. The QTMT in JVET-R2001 is similar to the QTBT in JEM. However, in JVET-R2001, in addition to indicating binary splits, the multi-type tree may indicate so-called ternary (or triple tree (TT)) splits. A ternary split divides a block vertically or horizontally into three blocks. In the case of a vertical TT split, a block is divided at one quarter of its width from the left edge and at one quarter its width from the right edge and in the case of a horizontal TT split a block is at one quarter of its height from the top edge and at one quarter of its height from the bottom edge.

As described above, each video frame or picture may be divided into one or more regions. For example, according to ITU-T H.265, each video frame or picture may be partitioned to include one or more slices and further partitioned to include one or more tiles, where each slice includes a sequence of CTUs (e.g., in raster scan order) and where a tile is a sequence of CTUs corresponding to a rectangular area of a picture. It should be noted that a slice, in ITU-T H.265, is a sequence of one or more slice segments starting with an independent slice segment and containing all subsequent dependent slice segments (if any) that precede the next independent slice segment (if any). A slice segment, like a slice, is a sequence of CTUs. Thus, in some cases, the terms slice and slice segment may be used interchangeably to indicate a sequence of CTUs arranged in a raster scan order. Further, it should be noted that in ITU-T H.265, a tile may consist of CTUs contained in more than one slice and a slice may consist of CTUs contained in more than one tile. However, ITU-T H.265 provides that one or both of the following conditions shall be fulfilled: (1) All CTUs in a slice belong to the same tile; and (2) All CTUs in a tile belong to the same slice.

With respect to JVET-R2001, slices are required to consist of an integer number of complete tiles or an integer number of consecutive complete CTU rows within a tile, instead of only being required to consist of an integer number of CTUs. It should be noted that in JVET-R2001, the slice design does not include slice segments (i.e., no independent/dependent slice segments). Thus, in JVET-R2001, a picture may include a single tile, where the single tile is contained within a single slice or a picture may include multiple tiles where the multiple tiles (or CTU rows thereof) may be contained within one or more slices. In JVET-R2001, the partitioning of a picture into tiles is specified by specifying respective heights for tile rows and respective widths for tile columns. Thus, in JVET-R2001 a tile is a rectangular region of CTUs within a particular tile row and a particular tile column position. Further, it should be noted that JVET-R2001 provides where a picture may be partitioned into subpictures, where a subpicture is a rectangular region of a CTUs within a picture. The top-left CTU of a subpicture may be located at any CTU position within a picture with subpictures being constrained to include one or more slices Thus, unlike a tile, a subpicture is not necessarily limited to a particular row and column position. It should be noted that subpictures may be useful for encapsulating regions of interest within a picture and a sub-bitstream extraction process may be used to only decode and display a particular region of interest. That is, as described in further detail below, a bitstream of coded video data includes a sequence of network abstraction layer (NAL) units, where a NAL unit encapsulates coded video data, (i.e., video data corresponding to a slice of picture) or a NAL unit encapsulates metadata used for decoding video data (e.g., a parameter set) and a sub-bitstream extraction process forms a new bitstream by removing one or more NAL units from a bitstream.

FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example of a picture within a group of pictures partitioned according to tiles, slices, and subpictures. It should be noted that the techniques described herein may be applicable to tiles, slices, subpictures, sub-divisions thereof and/or equivalent structures thereto. That is, the techniques described herein may be generally applicable regardless of how a picture is partitioned into regions. For example, in some cases, the techniques described herein may be applicable in cases where a tile may be partitioned into so-called bricks, where a brick is a rectangular region of CTU rows within a particular tile. Further, for example, in some cases, the techniques described herein may be applicable in cases where one or more tiles may be included in so-called tile groups, where a tile group includes an integer number of adjacent tiles. In the example illustrated in FIG. 2 , Pic₃ is illustrated as including 16 tiles (i.e., Tile₀ to Tile₁₅) and three slices (i.e., Slice₀ to Slice₂). In the example illustrated in FIG. 2 , Slice₀ includes four tiles (i.e., Tile₀ to Tile₃), Slice₁ includes eight tiles (i.e., Tile₄ to Tile₁), and Slice₂ includes four tiles (i.e., Tile₁₂ to Tile₁₅). Further, as illustrated in the example of FIG. 2 , Pic₃ is illustrated as including two subpictures (i.e., Subpicture₀ and Subpicture₁), where Subpicture₀ includes Slice₀ and Slice₁ and where Subpicture₁ includes Slice₂. As described above, subpictures may be useful for encapsulating regions of interest within a picture and a sub-bitstream extraction process may be used in order to selectively decode (and display) a region interest. For example, referring to FIG. 2 , Subpicture₀ may corresponding to an action portion of a sporting event presentation (e.g., a view of the field) and Subpicture₁ may corresponding to a scrolling banner displayed during the sporting event presentation. By using organizing a picture into subpictures in this manner, a viewer may be able to disable the display of the scrolling banner. That is, through a sub-bitstream extraction process Slice₂ NAL unit may be removed from a bitstream (and thus not decoded and/or displayed) and Slice₀ NAL unit and Slice₁ NAL unit may be decoded and displayed. The encapsulation of slices of a picture into respective NAL unit data structures and sub-bitstream extraction are described in further detail below.

For intra prediction coding, an intra prediction mode may specify the location of reference samples within a picture. In ITU-T H.265, defined possible intra prediction modes include a planar (i.e., surface fitting) prediction mode, a DC (i.e., flat overall averaging) prediction mode, and 33 angular prediction modes (predMode: 2-34). In JEM, defined possible intra-prediction modes include a planar prediction mode, a DC prediction mode, and 65 angular prediction modes. It should be noted that planar and DC prediction modes may be referred to as non-directional prediction modes and that angular prediction modes may be referred to as directional prediction modes. It should be noted that the techniques described herein may be generally applicable regardless of the number of defined possible prediction modes.

For inter prediction coding, a reference picture is determined and a motion vector (MV) identifies samples in the reference picture that are used to generate a prediction for a current video block. For example, a current video block may be predicted using reference sample values located in one or more previously coded picture(s) and a motion vector is used to indicate the location of the reference block relative to the current video block. A motion vector may describe, for example, a horizontal displacement component of the motion vector (i.e., MV_(x)), a vertical displacement component of the motion vector (i.e., MV_(y)), and a resolution for the motion vector (e.g., one-quarter pixel precision, one-half pixel precision, one-pixel precision, two-pixel precision, four-pixel precision). Previously decoded pictures, which may include pictures output before or after a current picture, may be organized into one or more to reference pictures lists and identified using a reference picture index value. Further, in inter prediction coding, uni-prediction refers to generating a prediction using sample values from a single reference picture and bi-prediction refers to generating a prediction using respective sample values from two reference pictures. That is, in uni-prediction, a single reference picture and corresponding motion vector are used to generate a prediction for a current video block and in bi-prediction, a first reference picture and corresponding first motion vector and a second reference picture and corresponding second motion vector are used to generate a prediction for a current video block. In bi-prediction, respective sample values are combined (e.g., added, rounded, and clipped, or averaged according to weights) to generate a prediction. Pictures and regions thereof may be classified based on which types of prediction modes may be utilized for encoding video blocks thereof. That is, for regions having a B type (e.g., a B slice), bi-prediction, uni-prediction, and intra prediction modes may be utilized, for regions having a P type (e.g., a P slice), uni-prediction, and intra prediction modes may be utilized, and for regions having an I type (e.g., an I slice), only intra prediction modes may be utilized. As described above, reference pictures are identified through reference indices. For example, for a P slice, there may be a single reference picture list, RefPicList0 and for a B slice, there may be a second independent reference picture list, RefPicList1, in addition to RefPicList0. It should be noted that for uni-prediction in a B slice, one of RefPicList0 or RefPicList1 may be used to generate a prediction. Further, it should be noted that during the decoding process, at the onset of decoding a picture, reference picture list(s) are generated from previously decoded pictures stored in a decoded picture buffer (DPB).

Further, a coding standard may support various modes of motion vector prediction. Motion vector prediction enables the value of a motion vector for a current video block to be derived based on another motion vector. For example, a set of candidate blocks having associated motion information may be derived from spatial neighboring blocks and temporal neighboring blocks to the current video block. Further, generated (or default) motion information may be used for motion vector prediction. Examples of motion vector prediction include advanced motion vector prediction (AMVP), temporal motion vector prediction (TMVP), so-called “merge” mode, and “skip” and “direct” motion inference. Further, other examples of motion vector prediction include advanced temporal motion vector prediction (ATMVP) and Spatial-temporal motion vector prediction (STMVP). For motion vector prediction, both a video encoder and video decoder perform the same process to derive a set of candidates. Thus, for a current video block, the same set of candidates is generated during encoding and decoding.

As described above, for inter prediction coding, reference samples in a previously coded picture are used for coding video blocks in a current picture. Previously coded pictures which are available for use as reference when coding a current picture are referred as reference pictures. It should be noted that the decoding order does not necessary correspond with the picture output order, i.e., the temporal order of pictures in a video sequence. In ITU-T H.265, when a picture is decoded it is stored to a decoded picture buffer (DPB) (which may be referred to as frame buffer, a reference buffer, a reference picture buffer, or the like). In ITU-T H.265, pictures stored to the DPB are removed from the DPB when they been output and are no longer needed for coding subsequent pictures. In ITU-T H.265, a determination of whether pictures should be removed from the DPB is invoked once per picture, after decoding a slice header, i.e., at the onset of decoding a picture. For example, referring to FIG. 2 , Pic₂ is illustrated as referencing Pic₁. Similarly, Pic₃ is illustrated as referencing Pic₀. With respect to FIG. 2 , assuming the picture number corresponds to the decoding order, the DPB would be populated as follows: after decoding Pic₀, the DPB would include {Pic₀}; at the onset of decoding Pic₁, the DPB would include {Pic₀}; after decoding Pic₃, the DPB would include {Pic₀, Pic₁}; at the onset of decoding Pic₂, the DPB would include {Pic₀, Pic₁}. Pic₂ would then be decoded with reference to Pic₁ and after decoding Pic₂, the DPB would include {Pic₀, Pic₁, Pic₂}. At the onset of decoding Pic₃, pictures Pic₀ and Pic₁ would be marked for removal from the DPB, as they are not needed for decoding Pic₃ (or any subsequent pictures, not shown) and assuming Pic₁ and Pic₂ have been output, the DPB would be updated to include {Pic₀}. Pic₃ would then be decoded by referencing Pic₀. The process of marking pictures for removal from a DPB may be referred to as reference picture set (RPS) management.

As described above, intra prediction data or inter prediction data is used to produce reference sample values for a block of sample values. The difference between sample values included in a current PB, or another type of picture area structure, and associated reference samples (e.g., those generated using a prediction) may be referred to as residual data. Residual data may include respective arrays of difference values corresponding to each component of video data. Residual data may be in the pixel domain. A transform, such as, a discrete cosine transform (DCT), a discrete sine transform (DST), an integer transform, a wavelet transform, or a conceptually similar transform, may be applied to an array of difference values to generate transform coefficients. It should be noted that in ITU-T H.265 and JVET-R2001, a CU is associated with a transform tree structure having its root at the CU level. The transform tree is partitioned into one or more transform units (TUs). That is, an array of difference values may be partitioned for purposes of generating transform coefficients (e.g., four 8×8 transforms may be applied to a 16×16 array of residual values). For each component of video data, such sub-divisions of difference values may be referred to as Transform Blocks (TBs). It should be noted that in some cases, a core transform and subsequent secondary transforms may be applied (in the video encoder) to generate transform coefficients. For a video decoder, the order of transforms is reversed.

A quantization process may be performed on transform coefficients or residual sample values directly (e.g., in the case, of palette coding quantization). Quantization approximates transform coefficients by amplitudes restricted to a set of specified values. Quantization essentially scales transform coefficients in order to vary the amount of data required to represent a group of transform coefficients. Quantization may include division of transform coefficients (or values resulting from the addition of an offset value to transform coefficients) by a quantization scaling factor and any associated rounding functions (e.g., rounding to the nearest integer). Quantized transform coefficients may be referred to as coefficient level values. Inverse quantization (or “dequantization”) may include multiplication of coefficient level values by the quantization scaling factor, and any reciprocal rounding or offset addition operations. It should be noted that as used herein the term quantization process in some instances may refer to division by a scaling factor to generate level values and multiplication by a scaling factor to recover transform coefficients in some instances. That is, a quantization process may refer to quantization in some cases and inverse quantization in some cases. Further, it should be noted that although in some of the examples below quantization processes are described with respect to arithmetic operations associated with decimal notation, such descriptions are for illustrative purposes and should not be construed as limiting. For example, the techniques described herein may be implemented in a device using binary operations and the like. For example, multiplication and division operations described herein may be implemented using bit shifting operations and the like.

Quantized transform coefficients and syntax elements (e.g., syntax elements indicating a coding structure for a video block) may be entropy coded according to an entropy coding technique. An entropy coding process includes coding values of syntax elements using lossless data compression algorithms. Examples of entropy coding techniques include content adaptive variable length coding (CAVLC), context adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC), probability interval partitioning entropy coding (PIPE), and the like. Entropy encoded quantized transform coefficients and corresponding entropy encoded syntax elements may form a compliant bitstream that can be used to reproduce video data at a video decoder. An entropy coding process, for example, CABAC, may include performing a binarization on syntax elements. Binarization refers to the process of converting a value of a syntax element into a series of one or more bits. These bits may be referred to as “bins.” Binarization may include one or a combination of the following coding techniques: fixed length coding, unary coding, truncated unary coding, truncated Rice coding, Golomb coding, k-th order exponential Golomb coding, and Golomb-Rice coding. For example, binarization may include representing the integer value of 5 for a syntax element as 00000101 using an 8-bit fixed length binarization technique or representing the integer value of 5 as 11110 using a unary coding binarization technique. As used herein each of the terms fixed length coding, unary coding, truncated unary coding, truncated Rice coding, Golomb coding, k-th order exponential Golomb coding, and Golomb-Rice coding may refer to general implementations of these techniques and/or more specific implementations of these coding techniques. For example, a Golomb-Rice coding implementation may be specifically defined according to a video coding standard. In the example of CABAC, for a particular bin, a context provides a most probable state (MPS) value for the bin (i.e., an MPS for a bin is one of 0 or 1) and a probability value of the bin being the MPS or the least probably state (LPS). For example, a context may indicate, that the MPS of a bin is 0 and the probability of the bin being 1 is 0.3. It should be noted that a context may be determined based on values of previously coded bins including bins in the current syntax element and previously coded syntax elements. For example, values of syntax elements associated with neighboring video blocks may be used to determine a context for a current bin.

With respect to the equations used herein, the following arithmetic operators may be used:

+ Addition − Subtraction

* Multiplication, including matrix multiplication x^(y) Exponentiation. Specifies x to the power of y. In other contexts, such notation is used for superscripting not intended for interpretation as exponentiation. / Integer division with truncation of the result toward zero. For example, 7/4 and −7/−4 are truncated to 1 and −7/4 and 7/−4 are truncated to −1. ÷ Used to denote division in mathematical equations where no truncation or rounding is intended.

$\frac{x}{y}$

Used to denote division in mathematical equations where no truncation or rounding is intended.

Further, the following mathematical functions may be used:

Log 2(x) the base-2 logarithm of x;

${{Min}\left( {x,y} \right)} = \left\{ {\begin{matrix} x & ; & {x<=y} \\ y & ; & {x > y} \end{matrix};} \right.$ ${{Max}\left( {x,y} \right)} = \left\{ \begin{matrix} x & ; & {x>=y} \\ y & ; & {x < y} \end{matrix} \right.$

Ceil(x) the smallest integer greater than or equal to x.

With respect to the example syntax used herein, the following definitions of logical operators may be applied:

x && y Boolean logical “and” of x and y

x∥y Boolean logical “or” of x and y

! Boolean logical “not”

x ? y:z If x is TRUE or not equal to 0, evaluates to the value of y; otherwise, evaluates to the value of z.

Further, the following relational operators may be applied:

> Greater than

>= Greater than or equal to

< Less than

<= Less than or equal to

== Equal to

!= Not equal to

Further, it should be noted that in the syntax descriptors used herein, the following descriptors may be applied:

-   -   b(8): byte having any pattern of bit string (8 bits). The         parsing process for this descriptor is specified by the return         value of the function read_bits (8).     -   f(n): fixed-pattern bit string using n bits written (from left         to right) with the left bit first. The parsing process for this         descriptor is specified by the return value of the function         read_bits(n).     -   se(v): signed integer 0-th order Exp-Golomb-coded syntax element         with the left bit first.     -   tb(v): truncated binary using up to maxVal bits with maxVal         defined in the semantics of the symtax element.     -   tu(v): truncated unary using up to maxVal bits with maxVal         defined in the semantics of the symtax element.     -   u(n): unsigned integer using n bits. When n is “v” in the syntax         table, the number of bits varies in a manner dependent on the         value of other syntax elements. The parsing process for this         descriptor is specified by the return value of the function         read_bits(n) interpreted as a binary representation of an         unsigned integer with most significant bit written first.     -   ue(v): unsigned integer 0-th order Exp-Golomb-coded syntax         element with the left bit first.

As described above, video content includes video sequences comprised of a series of pictures and each picture may be divided into one or more regions. In JVET-R2001, a coded representation of a picture comprises VCL NAL units of a particular layer within an AU and contains all CTUs of the picture. For example, referring again to FIG. 2 , the coded representation of Pic₃ is encapsulated in three coded slice NAL units (i.e., Slice₀ NAL unit, Slice₁ NAL unit, and Slice₂ NAL unit). It should be noted that the term video coding layer (VCL) NAL unit is used as a collective term for coded slice NAL units, i.e., VCL NAL is a collective term which includes all types of slice NAL units. As described above, and in further detail below, a NAL unit may encapsulate metadata used for decoding video data. A NAL unit encapsulating metadata used for decoding a video sequence is generally referred to as a non-VCL NAL unit. Thus, in JVET-R2001, a NAL unit may be a VCL NAL unit or a non-VCL NAL unit. It should be noted that a VCL NAL unit includes slice header data, which provides information used for decoding the particular slice. Thus, in JVET-R2001, information used for decoding video data, which may be referred to as metadata in some cases, is not limited to being included in non-VCL NAL units. JVET-R2001 provides where a picture unit (PU) is a set of NAL units that are associated with each other according to a specified classification rule, are consecutive in decoding order, and contain exactly one coded picture and where an access unit (AU) is a set of PUs that belong to different layers and contain coded pictures associated with the same time for output from the DPB. JVET-R2001 further provides where a layer is a set of VCL NAL units that all have a particular value of a layer identifier and the associated non-VCL NAL units. Further, in JVET-R2001, a PU consists of zero or one PH NAL units, one coded picture, which comprises of one or more VCL NAL units, and zero or more other non-VCL NAL units. Further, in JVET-R2001, a coded video sequence (CVS) is a sequence of AUs that consists, in decoding order, of a CVSS AU, followed by zero or more AUs that are not CVSS AUs, including all subsequent AUs up to but not including any subsequent AU that is a CVSS AU, where a coded video sequence start (CVSS) AU is an AU in which there is a PU for each layer in the CVS and the coded picture in each present picture unit is a coded layer video sequence start (CLVSS) picture. In JVET-R2001, a coded layer video sequence (CLVS) is a sequence of PUs within the same layer that consists, in decoding order, of a CLVSS PU, followed by zero or more PUs that are not CLVSS PUs, including all subsequent PUs up to but not including any subsequent PU that is a CLVSS PU. This is, in JVET-R2001, a bitstream may be described as including a sequence of AUs forming one or more CVSs.

Multi-layer video coding enables a video presentation to be decoded/displayed as a presentation corresponding to a base layer of video data and decoded/displayed one or more additional presentations corresponding to enhancement layers of video data. For example, a base layer may enable a video presentation having a basic level of quality (e.g., a High Definition rendering and/or a 30 Hz frame rate) to be presented and an enhancement layer may enable a video presentation having an enhanced level of quality (e.g., an Ultra High Definition rendering and/or a 60 Hz frame rate) to be presented. An enhancement layer may be coded by referencing a base layer. That is, for example, a picture in an enhancement layer may be coded (e.g., using inter-layer prediction techniques) by referencing one or more pictures (including scaled versions thereof) in a base layer. It should be noted that layers may also be coded independent of each other. In this case, there may not be inter-layer prediction between two layers. Each NAL unit may include an identifier indicating a layer of video data the NAL unit is associated with. As described above, a sub-bitstream extraction process may be used to only decode and display a particular region of interest of a picture. Further, a sub-bitstream extraction process may be used to only decode and display a particular layer of video. Sub-bitstream extraction may refer to a process where a device receiving a compliant or conforming bitstream forms a new compliant or conforming bitstream by discarding and/or modifying data in the received bitstream. For example, sub-bitstream extraction may be used to form a new compliant or conforming bitstream corresponding to a particular representation of video (e.g., a high quality representation).

In JVET-R2001, each of a video sequence, a GOP, a picture, a slice, and CTU may be associated with metadata that describes video coding properties and some types of metadata an encapsulated in non-VCL NAL units. JVET-R2001 defines parameters sets that may be used to describe video data and/or video coding properties. In particular, JVET-R2001 includes the following four types of parameter sets: video parameter set (VPS), sequence parameter set (SPS), picture parameter set (PPS), and adaption parameter set (APS), where a SPS applies to apply to zero or more entire CVSs, a PPS applies to zero or more entire coded pictures, a APS applies to zero or more slices, and a VPS may be optionally referenced by a SPS. A PPS applies to an individual coded picture that refers to it. In JVET-R2001, parameter sets may be encapsulated as a non-VCL NAL unit and/or may be signaled as a message. JVET-R2001 also includes a picture header (PH) which is encapsulated as a non-VCL NAL unit. In JVET-R2001, a picture header applies to all slices of a coded picture. JVET-R2001 further enables decoding capability information (DCI) and supplemental enhancement information (SEI) messages to be signaled. In JVET-R2001, DCI and SEI messages assist in processes related to decoding, display or other purposes, however, DCI and SEI messages may not be required for constructing the luma or chroma samples according to a decoding process. In JVET-R2001, DCI and SEI messages may be signaled in a bitstream using non-VCL NAL units. Further, DCI and SEI messages may be conveyed by some mechanism other than by being present in the bitstream (i.e., signaled out-of-band).

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a bitstream including multiple CVSs, where a CVS includes AUs, and AUs include picture units. The example illustrated in FIG. 3 corresponds to an example of encapsulating the slice NAL units illustrated in the example of FIG. 2 in a bitstream. In the example illustrated in FIG. 3 , the corresponding picture unit for Pic₃ includes the three VCL NAL coded slice NAL units, i.e., Slice₀ NAL unit, Slice₁ NAL unit, and Slice₂ NAL unit and two non-VCL NAL units, i.e., a PPS NAL Unit and a PH NAL unit. It should be noted that in FIG. 3 , HEADER is a NAL unit header (i.e., not to be confused with a slice header). Further, it should be noted that in FIG. 3 , other non-VCL NAL units, which are not illustrated may be included in the CVSs, e.g., SPS NAL units, VPS NAL units, SEI message NAL units, etc. Further, it should be noted that in other examples, a PPS NAL Unit used for decoding Pic₃ may be included elsewhere in the bitstream, e.g., in the picture unit corresponding to Pic₀ or may be provided by an external mechanism. As described in further detail below, in JVET-R2001, a PH syntax structure may be present in the slice header of a VCL NAL unit or in a PH NAL unit of the current PU.

JVET-R2001 defines NAL unit header semantics that specify the type of Raw Byte Sequence Payload (RBSP) data structure included in the NAL unit. Table 1 illustrates the syntax of the NAL unit header provided in JVET-R2001.

TABLE 1 nal_unit_header( ) { Descriptor  forbidden_zero_bit f(1)  nuh_reserved_zero_bit u(1)  nuh_layer_id u(6)  nal_unit_type u(5)  nuh_temporal_id_plus1 u(3) }

JVET-R2001 provides the following definitions for the respective syntax elements illustrated in Table 1.

forbidden_zero_bit shall be equal to 0. nuh_reserved_zero_bit shall be equal to ‘0’. The value 1 of nuh_reserved_zero_bit may be specified in the future by ITU-T|ISO/IEC. Decoders shall ignore (i.e. remove from the bitstream and discard) NAL units with nuh_reserved_zero_bit equal to ‘1’. nuh_layer_id specifies the identifier of the layer to which a VCL NAL unit belongs or the identifier of a layer to which a non-VCL NAL unit applies. The value of nuh_layer_id shall be in the range of 0 to 55, inclusive. Other values for nuh_layer_id are reserved for future use by ITU-T I ISO/IEC. The value of nuh_layer_id shall be the same for all VCL NAL units of a coded picture. The value of nuh_layer_id of a coded picture or a PU is the value of the nuh_layer_id of the VCL NAL units of the coded picture or the PU. When nal_unit_type is equal to PH_NUT, EOS_NUT, or FD_NUT, nuh_layer_id shall be equal to the nuh_layer_id of associated VCL NAL unit.

NOTE—The value of nuh_layer_id of DCI, VPS, AUD, and EOB NAL units is not constrained.

nuh_temporal_id_plus1 minus 1 specifies a temporal identifier for the NAL unit. The value of nuh_temporal_id_plus1 shall not be equal to 0. The variable TemporalId is derived as follows:

TemporalId=nuh_temporal_id_plus1−1

When nal_unit_type is in the range of IDR_W_RADL to RSV_IRAP_12, inclusive, TemporalId shall be equal to 0. When nal_unit_type is equal to STSA_NUT and vps_independent_layer_flag[GeneralLayerIdx[nuh_layer_id]] is equal to 1, TemporalId shall not be equal to 0. The value of TemporalId shall be the same for all VCL NAL units of an AU. The value of TemporalId of a coded picture, a PU, or an AU is the value of the TemporalId of the VCL NAL units of the coded picture, PU, or AU. The value of TemporalId of a sublayer representation is the greatest value of TemporalId of all VCL NAL units in the sublayer representation. The value of TemporalId for non-VCL NAL units is constrained as follows:

-   -   If nal_unit_type is equal to DCI_NUT, VPS_NUT, or SPS_NUT,         TemporalId shall be equal to 0 and the TemporalId of the AU         containing the NAL unit shall be equal to 0.     -   Otherwise, if nal_unit_type is equal to PH_NUT, TemporalId shall         be equal to the TemporalId of the PU containing the NAL unit.     -   Otherwise, if nal_unit_type is equal to EOS_NUT or EOB_NUT,         TemporalId shall be equal to 0.     -   Otherwise, if nal_unit_type is equal to AUD_NUT, FD_NUT,         PREFIX_SEI_NUT, or SUFFIX_SEI_NUT, TemporalId shall be equal to         the TemporalId of the AU containing the NAL unit.     -   Otherwise, when nal_unit_type is equal to PPS_NUT,         PREFIX_APS_NUT, or SUFFIX_APS_NUT, TemporalId shall be greater         than or equal to the TemporalId of the PU containing the NAL         unit.         NOTE—When the NAL unit is a non-VCL NAL unit, the value of         TemporalId is equal to the minimum value of the TemporalId         values of all AUs to which the non-VCL NAL unit applies. When         nal_unit_type is equal to PPS_NUT, PREFIX_APS_NUT, or         SUFFIX_APS_NUT, TemporalId may be greater than or equal to the         TemporalId of the containing AU, as all PPSs and APSs may be         included in the beginning of the bitstream (e.g., when they are         transported out-of-band, and the receiver places them at the         beginning of the bitstream), wherein the first coded picture has         TemporalId equal to 0.         nal_unit_type specifies the NAL unit type, i.e., the type of         RBSP data structure contained in the NAL unit as specified in         Table 2.         The value of nal_unit_type shall be the same for all pictures of         a CVSS AU.         NAL units that have nal_unit_type in the range of UNSPEC28 . . .         UNSPEC31, inclusive, for which semantics are not specified,         shall not affect the decoding process specified in this         Specification.         NOTE—NAL unit types in the range of UNSPEC28 . . . UNSPEC31 may         be used as determined by the application. No decoding process         for these values of nal_unit_type is specified in this         Specification. Since different applications might use these NAL         unit types for different purposes, particular care must be         exercised in the design of encoders that generate NAL units with         these nal_unit_type values, and in the design of decoders that         interpret the content of NAL units with these nal_unit_type         values. This Specification does not define any management for         these values. These nal_unit_type values might only be suitable         for use in contexts in which “collisions” of usage (i.e.,         different definitions of the meaning of the NAL unit content for         the same nal_unit_type value) are unimportant, or not possible,         or are managed—e.g., defined or managed in the controlling         application or transport specification, or by controlling the         environment in which bitstreams are distributed.         For purposes other than determining the amount of data in the         decoding units of the bitstream, decoders shall ignore (remove         from the bitstream and discard) the contents of all NAL units         that use reserved values of nal_unit_type.         NOTE—This requirement allows future definition of compatible         extensions to this Specification.

TABLE 2 Name of NAL unit nal_unit_type nal_unit_type Content of NAL unit and RBSP syntax structure type class  0 TRAIL_NUT Coded slice of a trailing picture or subpicture* VCL   slice_layer_rbsp( )  1 STSA_NUT Coded slice of an STSA picture or subpicture* VCL   slice_layer_rbsp( )  2 RADL_NUT Coded slice of a RADL picture or subpicture* VCL   slice_layer_rbsp( )  3 RASL_NUT Coded slice of a RASL picture or subpicture* VCL slice_layer_rbsp( ) 4..6 RSV_VCL_4.. Reserved non-IRAP VCL NAL unit types VCL RSV_VCL_6  7 IDR_W_RADL Coded slice of an IDR picture or subpicture* VCL  8 IDR_N_LP slice_layer_rbsp( )  9 CRA_NUT Coded slice of a CRA picture or subpicture* VCL silce_layer_rbsp( ) 10 GDR_NUT Coded slice of a GDR picture or subpicture* VCL slice_layer_rbsp( ) 11 RSV_IRAP_11 Reserved IRAP VCL NAL unit types VCL 12 RSV_IRAP_12 13 DCI_NUT Decoding capability information non-VCL decoding_capability_information_rbsp( ) 14 VPS_NUT Video parameter set non-VCL video_parameter_set_rbsp( ) 15 SPS_NUT Sequence parameter set non-VCL seq_parameter_set_rbsp( ) 16 PPS_NUT Picture parameter set non-VCL pic_parameter_set_rbsp( ) 17 PREFIX_APS_NUT Adaptation parameter set non-VCL 18 SUFFIX_APS_NUT adaptation_parameter_set_rbsp( ) 19 PH_NUT Picture header non-VCL picture_header_rbsp( ) 20 AUD_NUT AU delimiter non-VCL access_unit_delimiter_rbsp( ) 21 EOS_NUT End of sequence non-VCL end_of_seq_rbsp( ) 22 EOB_NUT End of bitstream non-VCL end_of_bitstream_rbsp( ) 23 PREFIX_SEI_NUT Supplemental enhancement information non-VCL 24 SUFFIX_SEI_NUT sei_rbsp( ) 25 FD_NUT Filler data non-VCL filler_data_rbsp( ) 26 RSV_NVCL_26 Reserved non-VCL NAL unit types non-VCL 27 RSV_NVCL_27 28..31 UNSPEC_28.. Unspecified non-VCL NAL unit types non-VCL UNSPEC_31 *indicates a property of a picture when pps_mixed_nalu_types_in_pic_flag is equal to 0 and a property of the subpicture when pps_mixed_nalu_types_in_pic_flag is equal to 1. NOTE—A clean random access (CRA) picture may have associated RASL or RADL pictures present in the bitstream. NOTE—An instantaneous decoding refresh (IDR) picture having nal_unit_type equal to IDR_N_LP does not have associated leading pictures present in the bitstream. An IDR picture having nal_unit_type equal to IDR_W_RADL does not have associated RASL pictures present in the bitstream, but may have associated RADL pictures in the bitstream. The value of nal_unit_type shall be the same for all VCL NAL units of a subpicture. A subpicture is referred to as having the same NAL unit type as the VCL NAL units of the subpicture. When any two subpictures in a picture have different NAL unit types, the value of sps_subpic_treated_as_pic_flag[ ]shall be equal to 1 for all subpictures in the picture that contain at least one P or B slice. For VCL NAL units of any particular picture, the following applies:

-   -   If pps_mixed_nalu_types_in_pic_flag is equal to 0, the value of         nal_unit_type shall be the same for all VCL NAL units of a         picture, and a picture or a PU is referred to as having the same         NAL unit type as the coded slice NAL units of the picture or PU.     -   Otherwise (pps_mixed_nalu_types_in_pic_flag is equal to 1), the         following applies:         -   The picture shall have at least two subpictures.         -   VCL NAL units of the picture shall have two or more             different nal_unit_type values.         -   There shall be no VCL NAL unit of the picture that has             nal_unit_type_equal to GDR_NUT.         -   When the VCL NAL units of at least one subpicture of the             picture have a particular value of nal_unit_type equal to             IDR_W_RADL, IDR_N_LP, or CRA_NUT, the VCL NAL units of other             subpictures in the picture shall all have nal_unit_type             equal to TRAIL_NUT.             When vps_max_tid_il_ref_pics_plus1[i][j] is equal to 0 for j             equal to GeneralLayerIdx[nuh_layer_id] and any value of i in             the range of j+1 to vps_max_layers_minus1, inclusive, the             current picture shall not have both VCL NAL units with a             particular value of nal_unit_type equal to IDR_W_RADL,             IDR_N_LP, or CRA_NUT and VCL NAL units with nal_unit_type             equal to a different value than that particular value.             It is a requirement of bitstream conformance that the             following constraints apply:     -   When a picture is a leading picture of an IRAP picture, it shall         be a RADL or RASL picture.     -   When a subpicture is a leading subpicture of an IRAP subpicture,         it shall be a RADL or RASL subpicture.     -   When a picture is not a leading picture of an IRAP picture, it         shall not be a RADL or RASL picture.     -   When a subpicture is not a leading subpicture of an IRAP         subpicture, it shall not be a RADL or RASL subpicture.     -   No RASL pictures shall be present in the bitstream that are         associated with an IDR picture.     -   No RASL subpictures shall be present in the bitstream that are         associated with an IDR subpicture.     -   No RADL pictures shall be present in the bitstream that are         associated with an IDR picture having nal_unit_type equal to         IDR_N_LP.         -   NOTE—It is possible to perform random access at the position             of an IRAP PU by discarding all PUs before the IRAP PU (and             to correctly decode the IRAP picture and all the subsequent             non-RASL pictures in decoding order), provided each             parameter set is available (either in the bitstream or by             external means not specified in this Specification) when it             is referenced.     -   No RADL subpictures shall be present in the bitstream that are         associated with an IDR subpicture having nal_unit_type equal to         IDR_N_LP.     -   Any picture, with nuh_layer_id equal to a particular value         layerId, that precedes an IRAP picture with nuh_layer_id equal         to layerId in decoding order shall precede the IRAP picture in         output order and shall precede any RADL picture associated with         the IRAP picture in output order.     -   Any subpicture, with nuh_layer_id equal to a particular value         layerId and subpicture index equal to a particular value         subpicIdx, that precedes, in decoding order, an IRAP subpicture         with nuh_layer_id equal to layerId and subpicture index equal to         subpicIdx shall precede, in output order, the IRAP subpicture         and all its associated RADL subpictures.     -   Any picture, with nuh_layer_id equal to a particular value         layerId, that precedes a recovery point picture with         nuh_layer_id equal to layerId in decoding order shall precede         the recovery point picture in output order.     -   Any subpicture, with nuh_layer_id equal to a particular value         layerId and subpicture index equal to a particular value         subpicIdx, that precedes, in decoding order, a subpicture with         nuh_layer_id equal to layerId and subpicture index equal to         subpicIdx in a recovery point picture shall precede that         subpicture in the recovery point picture in output order.     -   Any RASL picture associated with a CRA picture shall precede any         RADL picture associated with the CRA picture in output order.     -   Any RASL subpicture associated with a CRA subpicture shall         precede any RADL subpicture associated with the CRA subpicture         in output order.     -   Any RASL picture, with nuh_layer_id equal to a particular value         layerId, associated with a CRA picture shall follow, in output         order, any IRAP or GDR picture with nuh_layer_id equal to         layerId that precedes the CRA picture in decoding order.     -   Any RASL subpicture, with nuh_layer_id equal to a particular         value layerId and subpicture index equal to a particular value         subpicIdx, associated with a CRA subpicture shall follow, in         output order, any IRAP or GDR subpicture, with nuh_layer_id         equal to layerId and subpicture index equal to subpicIdx, that         precedes the CRA subpicture in decoding order.     -   If sps_field_seq_flag is equal to 0 and the current picture,         with nuh_layer_id equal to a particular value layerId, is a         leading picture associated with an IRAP picture, it shall         precede, in decoding order, all non-leading pictures that are         associated with the same IRAP picture. Otherwise, let picA and         picB be the first and the last leading pictures, in decoding         order, associated with an IRAP picture, respectively, there         shall be at most one non-leading picture with nuh_layer_id equal         to layerId preceding picA in decoding order, and there shall be         no non-leading picture with nuh_layer_id equal to layerId         between picA and picB in decoding order.     -   If sps_field_seq_flag is equal to 0 and the current subpicture,         with nuh_layer_id equal to a particular value layerId and         subpicture index equal to a particular value subpicIdx, is a         leading subpicture associated with an IRAP subpicture, it shall         precede, in decoding order, all non-leading subpictures that are         associated with the same IRAP subpicture. Otherwise, let subpicA         and subpicB be the first and the last leading subpictures, in         decoding order, associated with an IRAP subpicture,         respectively, there shall be at most one non-leading subpicture         with nuh_layer_id equal to layerId and subpicture index equal to         subpicIdx preceding subpicA in decoding order, and there shall         be no non-leading picture with nuh_layer_id equal to layerId and         subpicture index equal to subpicIdx between picA and picB in         decoding order.

It should be noted that generally, an Intra Random Access Point (IRAP) picture is a picture that does not refer to any pictures other than itself for prediction in its decoding process. In JVET-R2001, an IRAP picture may be a clean random access (CRA) picture or an instantaneous decoder refresh (IDR) picture. In JVET-R2001, the first picture in the bitstream in decoding order must be an IRAP or a gradual decoding refresh (GDR) picture. JVET-R2001 describes the concept of a leading picture, which is a picture that precedes the associated IRAP picture in output order. JVET-R2001 further describes the concept of a trailing picture which is a non-IRAP picture that follows the associated IRAP picture in output order. Trailing pictures associated with an IRAP picture also follow the IRAP picture in decoding order. For IDR pictures, there are no trailing pictures that require reference to a picture decoded prior to the IDR picture. JVET-R2001 provides where a CRA picture may have leading pictures that follow the CRA picture in decoding order and contain inter picture prediction references to pictures decoded prior to the CRA picture. Thus, when the CRA picture is used as a random access point these leading pictures may not be decodable and are identified as random access skipped leading (RASL) pictures. The other type of picture that can follow an IRAP picture in decoding order and precede it in output order is the random access decodable leading (RADL) picture, which cannot contain references to any pictures that precede the IRAP picture in decoding order. A GDR picture, is a picture for which each VCL NAL unit has nal_unit_type equal to GDR_NUT. If the current picture is a GDR picture that is associated with a picture header which signals a syntax element recovery_poc_cnt and there is a picture picA that follows the current GDR picture in decoding order in the CLVS and that has PicOrderCntVal equal to the PicOrderCntVal of the current GDR picture plus the value of recovery_poc_cnt, the picture picA is referred to as the recovery point picture.

As provided in Table 2, a NAL unit may include a video parameter set (VPS) syntax structure. Table 3 illustrates the syntax structure of the video parameter set provided in JVET-R2001.

TABLE 3 video_parameter_set_rbsp( ) { Descriptor  vps_video_parameter_set_id u(4)  vps_max_layers_minus1 u(6)  vps_max_sublayers_minus1 u(3)  if( vps_max_layers_minus1 > 0 && vps_max_sublayers_minus1 > 0 )   vps_all_layers_same_num_sublayers_flag u(1)  if( vps_max_layers_minus1 > 0 )   vps_all_independent_layers_flag u(1)  for( i = 0; i <= vps_max_layers_minus1; i++ ) {   vps_layer_id[ i ] u(6)   if( i > 0 && !vps_all_independent_layers_flag ) {    vps_independent_layer_flag[ i ] u(1)    if( !vps_independent_layer_flag[ i ] ) {     vps_max_tid_ref_present_flag[ i ] u(1)     for( j = 0; j < i; j++ ) {      vps_direct_ref_layer_flag[ i ][ j ] u(1)      if( vps_max_tid_ref_present_flag[ i ] && vps_direct_ref_layer_flag[ i ][ j ] )       vps_max_tid_il_ref_pics_plusl[ i ][ j ] u(3)     }    }   }  }  if( vps_max_layers_minus1 > 0 ) {   if( vps_all_independent_layers_flag )    vps_each_layer_is_an_ols_flag u(1)   if( !vps_each_layer_is_an_ols_flag ) {    if( !vps_all_independent_layers_flag)     vps_ols_mode_idc u(2)    if( vps_ols_mode_idc = = 2 ) {     vps_num_output_layer_sets_minus1 u(8)     for( i = 1; i <= vps_num_output_layer_sets_minus1; i++ )      for( j = 0; j <= vps_max_layers_minus1; j++ )       vps_ols_output_layer_flag[ i ][ j ] u(1)    }   }  }  vps_num_ptls_minus1 u(8)  for( i = 0; i <= vps_num_ptls_minus1; i++ ) {   if( i > 0 )    vps_pt_present_flag[ i ] u(1)   if( !vps_all_layers_same_num_sublayers_flag )    vps_ptl_max_temporal_id[ i ] u(3)  }  while( !byte_aligned( ) )   vps_ptl_alignment_zero_bit /* equal to 0 */ f(1)  for( i = 0; i <= vps_num_ptls_minus1; i++ )   profile_tier_level( vps_pt_present_flag[ i ], vps_ptl_max_temporal_id[ i ] )  for( i = 0; i < TotalNumOlss; i++ )   if( vps_num_ptls_minus1 > 0 && vps_num_ptls_minus1 + 1 != TotalNumOlss )    vps_ols_ptl_idx[ i ] u(8)  if( !vps_each_layer_is_an_ols_flag ) {   vps_num_dpb_params_minus1 ue(v)   if( vps_max_sublayers_minus1 > 0 )    vps_sublayer_dpb_params_present_flag u(1)   for( i = 0; i < VpsNumDpbParams; i++ ) {    if( !vps_all_layers_same_num_sublayers_flag )     vps_dpb_max_temporal_id[ i ] u(3)    dpb_parameters( vps_dpb_max_temporal_id[ i ],      vps_sublayer_dpb_params_present_flag )   }   for( i = 0; i < NumMultiLayerOlss; i++ ) {    vps_ols_dpb_pic_width[ i ] ue(v)    vps_ols_dpb_pic_height[ i ] ue(v)    vps_ols_dpb_chroma_format[ i ] u(2)    vps_ols_dpb_bitdepth_minus8[ i ] ue(v)    if( VpsNumDpbParams > 1 && vps_num_dpb_params != NumMultiLayerOlss )     vps_ols_dpb_params_idx[ i ] ue(v)   }   vps_general_hrd_params_present_flag u(1)  }  if( vps_general_hrd_params_present_flag ) {   general_hrd_parameters( )   if( vps_max_sublayers_minus1 > 0 )    vps_sublayer_cpb_params_present_flag u(1)       vps_num_ols_hrd_params_minus1 ue(v)       for( i = 0; i <= vps_num_ols_hrd_params_minus1; i++ ) {    if( !vps_all_layers_same_num_sublayers_flag )     hrd_max_tid[ i ] u(3)    firstSubLayer = vps_sublayer_cpb_params_present_flag ? 0 : vps_hrd_max_tid[ i ]    ols_hrd_parameters( firstSubLayer, vps_hrd_max_tid[ i ] )   }   if( vps_num_ols_hrd_params_minus1 > 0 &&     vps_num_ols_hrd_params_minus1 + 1 != NumMultiLayerOlss )    for( i = 0; i < NumMultiLayerOlss; i++ )     vps_ols_hrd_idx[ i ] ue(v)  }  vps_extension_flag u(1)  if( vps_extension_flag)   while( more_rbsp_data( ) )    vps_extension_data_flag u(1)  rbsp_trailing_bits( ) }

With respect to Table 3, JVET-R2001 provides the following semantics:

A VPS RBSP shall be available to the decoding process prior to it being referenced, included in at least one AU with TemporalId equal to 0 or provided through external means.

All VPS NAL units with a particular value of vps_video_parameter_set_id in a CVS shall have the same content.

vps_video_parameter_set_Id provides an identifier for the VPS for reference by other syntax elements. The value of vps_video_parameter_set_id shall be greater than 0. vps_max_layers_minus1 plus 1 specifies the maximum allowed number of layers in each CVS referring to the VPS. vps_max_sublayers_minus1 plus 1 specifies the maximum number of temporal sublayers that may be present in a layer in each CVS referring to the VPS. The value of vps_max_sublayers_minus1 shall be in the range of 0 to 6, inclusive. vps_all_layers_same_num_sublayers_flag equal to 1 specifies that the number of temporal sublayers is the same for all the layers in each CVS referring to the VPS. vps_all_layers_same_num_sublayers_flag equal to 0 specifies that the layers in each CVS referring to the VPS may or may not have the same number of temporal sublayers. When not present, the value of vps_all_layers_same_num_sublayers_flag is inferred to be equal to 1. vps_all_independent_layers_flag equal to 1 specifies that all layers in the CVS are independently coded without using inter-layer prediction. vps_all_independent_layers_flag equal to 0 specifies that one or more of the layers in the CVS may use inter-layer prediction. When not present, the value of vps_all_independent_layers_flag is inferred to be equal to 1. vps_layer_id[i] specifies the nuh_layer_id value of the i-th layer. For any two non-negative integer values of m and n, when m is less than n, the value of vps_layer_id[m] shall be less than vps_layer_id[n]. vps_independent_layer_flag[i] equal to 1 specifies that the layer with index i does not use inter-layer prediction. vps_independent_layer_flag[i] equal to 0 specifies that the layer with index i may use inter-layer prediction and the syntax elements vps_direct_ref_layer_flag[i][j] for j in the range of 0 to i−1, inclusive, are present in VPS. When not present, the value of vps_independent_layer_flag[i] is inferred to be equal to 1. vps_max_tid_ref_present_flag[i] equal to 1 specifies that the syntax element vps_max_tid_il_ref_pics_plus1 [i][j] is present. vps_max_tid_ref_present_flag[i] equal to 0 specifies that the syntax element vps_max_tid_il_ref_pics_plus1 [i][j] is not present. vps_direct_ref_layer_flag[i][j] equal to 0 specifies that the layer with index j is not a direct reference layer for the layer with index i. vps_direct_ref_layer_flag [i][j] equal to 1 specifies that the layer with index j is a direct reference layer for the layer with index i. When vps_direct_ref_layer_flag[i][j] is not present for i and j in the range of 0 to vps_max_layers_minus1, inclusive, it is inferred to be equal to 0. When vps_independent_layer_flag[i] is equal to 0, there shall be at least one value of j in the range of 0 to i−1, inclusive, such that the value of vps_direct_ref_layer_flag[i][j] is equal to 1. The variables NumDirectRefLayers[i], DirectRefLayerIdx[i][d], NumRefLayers[i], RefLayerIdx[i][r], and LayerUsedAsRefLayerFlag[j] are derived as follows:

for( i = 0; i <= vps_max_layers_minus1; i++ ) {  for( j = 0; j <= vps_max_layers_minus1; j++ ) {   dependencyFlag[ i ][ j ] = vps_direct_ref_layer_flag[ i ][ j ]   for( k = 0; k < i; k++ )    if( vps_direct_ref_layer_flag[ i ][ k ] && dependencyFlag[ k ][    j ])     dependencyFlag[ i ][ j ] = 1  }  LayerUsedAsRefLayerFlag[ i ] = 0 } for( i = 0; i <= vps_max_layers_minus1; i++ ) {  for( j = 0, d = 0, r = 0; j <= vps_max_layers_minus1; j++ ) {   if( vps_direct_ref_layer_flag[ i ][ j ] ) {    DirectRefLayerIdx[ i ][ d++ ] = j    LayerUsedAsRefLayerFlag[ j ] = 1   }   if( dependencyFlag[ i ][ j ] )    RefLayerIdx[ i ][ r++ ] = j  }  NumDirectRefLayers[ i ] = d  NumRefLayers[ i ] = r } The variable GeneralLayerIdx[i], specifying the layer index of the layer with nuh_layer_id equal to vps_layer_id[i], is derived as follows:

for( i = 0; i <= vps_max_layers_minus1; i++ )  GeneralLayerIdx[ vps_layer_id[ i ] ] = i For any two different values of i and j, both in the range of 0 to vps_max_layers_minus1, inclusive, when dependencyFlag[i][j] equal to 1, it is a requirement of bitstream conformance that the values of sps_chroma_format_idc and sps_bit_depth_minus8 that apply to the i-th layer shall be equal to the values of sps_chroma_format_idc and sps_bit_depth_minus8, respectively, that apply to the j-th layer. vps_max_tid_il_ref_pics_plus1[i][j] equal to 0 specifies that the pictures of the j-th layer that are neither IRAP pictures nor GDR pictures with ph_recovery_poc_cnt equal to 0 are not used as ILRPs for decoding of pictures of the i-th layer. vps_max_tid_il_ref_pics_plus1[i][j] greater than 0 specifies that, for decoding pictures of the i-th layer, no picture from the j-th layer with TemporalId greater than vps_max_tid_il_ref_pics_plus1 [i][j]−1 is used as ILRP. When not present, the value of vps_max_tid_il_ref_pics_plus1[i][j] is inferred to be equal to vps_max_sublayers_minus1+1. vps_each_layer_is_an_ols_flag equal to 1 specifies that each OLS contains only one layer and each layer itself in a CVS referring to the VPS is an OLS with the single included layer being the only output layer. vps_each_layer_is_an_ols_flag equal to 0 that at least one OLS contains more than one layer. If vps_max_layers_minus1 is equal to 0, the value of vps_each_layer_is_an_ols_flag is inferred to be equal to 1. Otherwise, when vps_all_independent_layers_flag is equal to 0, the value of vps_each_layer_is_an_ols_flag is inferred to be equal to 0. vps_ols_mode_idc equal to 0 specifies that the total number of OLSs specified by the VPS is equal to vps_max_layers_minus1+1, the i-th OLS includes the layers with layer indices from 0 to i, inclusive, and for each OLS only the highest layer in the OLS is an output layer. vps_ols_mode_idc equal to 1 specifies that the total number of OLSs specified by the VPS is equal to vps_max_layers_minus1+1, the i-th OLS includes the layers with layer indices from 0 to i, inclusive, and for each OLS all layers in the OLS are output layers. vps_ols_mode_idc equal to 2 specifies that the total number of OLSs specified by the VPS is explicitly signalled and for each OLS the output layers are explicitly signalled and other layers are the layers that are direct or indirect reference layers of the output layers of the OLS. The value of vps_ols_mode_idc shall be in the range of 0 to 2, inclusive. The value 3 of vps_ols_mode_idc is reserved for future use by ITU-T I ISO/JEC. When vps_all_independent_layers_flag is equal to 1 and vps_each_layer_is_an_ols_flag is equal to 0, the value of vps_ols_mode_idc is inferred to be equal to 2. vps_num_output_layer_sets_minus1 plus 1 specifies the total number of OLSs specified by the VPS when vps_ols_mode_idc is equal to 2.

The variable TotalNumOlss, specifying the total number of OLSs specified by the VPS, is derived as follows:

if( vps_max_layers_minus1 = = 0 )  TotalNumOlss = 1 else if( vps_each_layer_is_an_ols_flag | | vps_ols_mode_idc = = 0 | | vps_ols_mode_idc = = 1 )  TotalNumOlss = vps_max_layers_minus1 + 1 else if( vps_ols_mode_idc = = 2 )  TotalNumOlss = vps_num_output_layer_sets_minus1 + 1 vps_ols_output_layer_flag[i][j] equal to 1 specifies that the layer with nuh_layer_id equal to vps_layer_id[j] is an output layer of the i-th OLS when vps_ols_mode_idc is equal to 2. vps_ols_output_layer_flag[i][j] equal to 0 specifies that the layer with nuh_layer_id equal to vps_layer_id[j] is not an output layer of the i-th OLS when vps_ols_mode_idc is equal to 2. The variable NumOutputLayersInOls[i], specifying the number of output layers in the i-th OLS, the variable NumSubLayersInLayerInOLS[i][j], specifying the number of sublayers in the j-th layer in the i-th OLS, the variable OutputLayerIdInOls[i][j], specifying the nuh_layer_id value of the j-th output layer in the i-th OLS, and the variable LayerUsedAsOutputLayerFlag[k], specifying whether the k-th layer is used as an output layer in at least one OLS, are derived as follows:

NumOutputLayersInOls[ 0 ] = 1 OutputLayerIdInOls[ 0 ][ 0 ] = vps_layer_id[ 0 ] NumSubLayersInLayerInOLS[ 0 ][ 0 ] = vps_max_sub_layers_minus1 + 1 LayerUsedAsOutputLayerFlag[ 0 ] = 1 for( i = 1, i <= vps_max_layers_minus1; i++ ) {  if( vps_each_layer_is_an_ols_flag | | vps_ols_mode_idc < 2 )   LayerUsedAsOutputLayerFlag[ i ] = 1  else /*( !vps_each_layer_is_an_ols_flag &&  vps_ols_mode_idc = = 2 ) */   LayerUsedAsOutputLayerFlag[ i ] = 0 } for( i = 1; i < TotalNumOlss; i++ )  if( vps_each_layer_is_an_ols_flag | | vps_ols_mode_idc = = 0 ) {   NumOutputLayersInOls[ i ] = 1   OutputLayerIdInOls[ i ][ 0 ] = vps_layer_id[ i ]   if( vps_each_layer_is_an_ols_flag )    NumSubLayersInLayerInOLS[ i ][ 0 ] =    vps_max_sub_layers_minus1 + 1   else {    NumSubLayersInLayerInOLS[ i ][ i ] =    vps_max_sub_layers_minus1 + 1    for( k = i − 1, k >= 0; k− − ) {     NumSubLayersInLayerInOLS[ i ][ k ] = 0     for( m = k + 1; m <= i; m++ ) {      maxSublayerNeeded = min( NumSubLayersInLayerInOLS[ i      ][ m ],        vps_max_tid_il_ref_pics_plus1[ m ][ k ] )      if( vps_direct_ref_layer_flag[ m ][ k ] &&        NumSubLayersInLayerInOLS[ i ][ k ] <        maxSublayerNeeded )       NumSubLayersInLayerInOLS[ i ][ k ] =       maxSublayerNeeded     }    }   }  } else if( vps_ols_mode_idc = = 1 ) {   NumOutputLayersInOls[ i ] = i + 1   for( j = 0; j < NumOutputLayersInOls[ i ]; j++ ) {    OutputLayerIdInOls[ i ][ j ] = vps_layer_id[ j ]    NumSubLayersInLayerInOLS[ i ][ j ] =    vps_max_sub_layers_minus1 + 1   }  } else if( vps_ols_mode_idc = = 2 ) {   for( j = 0; j <= vps_max_layers_minus1; j++ ) {    layerIncludedInOlsFlag[ i ][ j ] = 0    NumSubLayersInLayerInOLS[ i ][ j ] = 0   }   highestIncludedLayer = 0   numLayerInOls = 0   for( k = 0, j = 0; k <= vps_max_layers_minus1; k++ )    if( vps_ols_output_layer_flag[ i ][ k ] ) {     layerIncludedInOlsFlag[ i ][ k ] = 1     highestIncludedLayer = k     numLayerInOls++     LayerUsedAsOutputLayerFlag[ k ] = 1     OutputLayerIdx[ i ][ j ] = k     OutputLayerIdInOls[ i ][ j++ ] = vps_layer_id[ k ]     NumSubLayersInLayerInOLS[ i ][ k ] =     vps_max_sub_layers_minus1 + 1    }   NumOutputLayersInOls[ i ] = j   for( j = 0; j < NumOutputLayersInOls[ i ]; j++ ) {    idx = OutputLayerIdx[ i ][ j ]    for( k = 0; k < NumRefLayers[ idx ]; k++ ) {     if (!layerIncludedInOlsFlag[ i ][ RefLayerIdx[ idx ][ k ] ] )      numLayerInOls++     layerIncludedInOlsFlag[ i ][ RefLayerIdx[ idx ][ k ] ] = 1    }   }   for( k = highestIncludedLayer − 1; k >= 0; k− − )    if( layerIncludedInOlsFlag[ i ][ k ] &&    !vps_ols_output_layer_flag[ i ][ k ] )     for( m = k + 1; m <= highestIncludedLayer; m++ ) {      maxSublayerNeeded = min( NumSubLayersInLayerInOLS[ i      ][ m ],        vps_max_tid_il_ref_pics_plus1[ m ][ k ] )      if( vps_direct_ref_layer_flag[ m ][ k ] &&      layerIncludedInOlsFlag[ i ][ m ] &&        NumSubLayersInLayerInOLS[ i ][ k ] <        maxSublayerNeeded )       NumSubLayersInLayerInOLS[ i ][ k ] =       maxSublayerNeeded     }  } For each value of i in the range of 0 to vps_max_layers_minus1, inclusive, the values of LayerUsedAsRefLayerFlag[i] and LayerUsedAsOutputLayerFlag[i] shall not be both equal to 0. In other words, there shall be no layer that is neither an output layer of at least one OLS nor a direct reference layer of any other layer. For each OLS, there shall be at least one layer that is an output layer. In other words, for any value of i in the range of 0 to TotalNumOlss−1, inclusive, the value of NumOutputLayersInOls[i] shall be greater than or equal to 1. The variable NumLayersInOls[i], specifying the number of layers in the i-th OLS, the variable LayerIdInOls[i][j], specifying the nuh_layer_id value of the j-th layer in the i-th OLS, and the variable NumMultiLayerOlss, specifying the number of multi-layer OLSs (i.e., OLSs that contain more than one layer), are derived as follows:

NumLayersInOls[ 0 ] = 1 LayerIdInOls[ 0 ][ 0 ] = vps_layer_id[ 0 ] NumMultiLayerOlss = 0 for( i = 1; i < TotalNumOlss; i++ ) {  if( vps_each_layer_is_an_ols_flag ) {   NumLayersInOls[ i ] = 1   LayerIdInOls[ i ][ 0 ] = vps_layer_id[ i ]  } else if( vps_ols_mode_idc = = 0 | | vps_ols_mode_idc = = 1 ) {   NumLayersInOls[ i ] = i + 1   for( j = 0; j < NumLayersInOls[ i ]; j++ )    LayerIdInOls[ i ][ j ] = vps_layer_id[ j ]  } else if( vps_ols_mode_idc = = 2 ) {   for( k = 0, j = 0; k <= vps_max_layers_minus1; k++ )    if( layerIncludedInOlsFlag[ i ][ k ] )     LayerIdInOls[ i ][ j++ ] = vps_layer_id[ k ]   NumLayersInOls[ i ] = j  }  if( NumLayersInOls[ i ] > 1 ) {   MultiLayerOlsIdx[ i ] = NumMultiLayerOlss   NumMultiLayerOlss++  } }

-   -   NOTE—The 0-th OLS contains only the lowest layer (i.e., the         layer with nuh_layer_id equal to vps_layer_id[0]) and for the         0-th OLS the only included layer is output.

The variable OlsLayerIdx[i][j], specifying the OLS layer index of the layer with nuh_layer_id equal to LayerIdInOls[i][j], is derived as follows:

for( i = 0; i < TotalNumOlss; i++ )  for j = 0; j < NumLayersInOls[ i ]; j++ )   OlsLayerIdx[ i ][ LayerIdInOls[ i ][ j ] ] = j The lowest layer in each OLS shall be an independent layer. In other words, for each i in the range of 0 to TotalNumOlss−1, inclusive, the value of vps_independent_layer_flag[GeneralLayerIdx[LayerIdInOls[i][0]]]shall be equal to 1.

Each layer shall be included in at least one OLS specified by the VPS. In other words, for each layer with a particular value of nuh_layer_id nuhLayerId equal to one of vps_layer_id[k] for k in the range of 0 to vps_max_layers_minus1, inclusive, there shall be at least one pair of values of i and j, where i is in the range of 0 to TotalNumOlss−1, inclusive, and j is in the range of NumLayersInOls[i]−1, inclusive, such that the value of LayerIdInOls[i][j] is equal to nuhLayerId.

vps_num_ptls_minus1 plus 1 specifies the number of profile_tier_level( ) syntax structures in the VPS. The value of vps_num_ptls_minus1 shall be less than TotalNumOlss. vps_pt_present_flag[i] equal to 1 specifies that profile, tier, and general constraints information are present in the i-th profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure in the VPS. vps_pt_present_flag[i] equal to 0 specifies that profile, tier, and general constraints information are not present in the i-th profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure in the VPS. The value of vps_pt_present_flag[0] is inferred to be equal to 1. When vps_pt_present_flag[i] is equal to 0, the profile, tier, and general constraints information for the i-th profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure in the VPS are inferred to be the same as that for the (i−1)-th profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure in the VPS. vps_ptl_max_temporal_id[i] specifies the TemporalId of the highest sublayer representation for which the level information is present in the i-th profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure in the VPS. The value of vps_ptl_max_temporal_id[i] shall be in the range of 0 to vps_max_sublayers_minus1, inclusive. When not present, the value of vps_ptl_max_temporal_id[i] is inferred to be equal to vps_max_sublayers_minus1. vps_ptl_alignment_zero_bit shall be equal to 0. vps_ols_ptl_idx[i] specifies the index, to the list of profile_tier_level( ) syntax structures in the VPS, of the profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure that applies to the i-th OLS. When present, the value of vps_ols_ptl_idx[i] shall be in the range of 0 to vps_num_ptls_minus1, inclusive.

When not present, the value of vps_ols_ptl_idx[i] is inferred as follows:

-   -   If vps_num_ptls_minus1 is equal to 0, the value of         vps_ols_ptl_idx[i] is inferred to be equal to 0.     -   Otherwise (vps_num_ptls_minus1 is greater than 0 and         vps_num_ptls_minus1+1 is equal to TotalNumOlss), the value of         vps_ols_ptl_idx[i] is inferred to be equal to i.         When NumLayersInOls[i] is equal to 1, the profile_tier_level( )         syntax structure that applies to the i-th OLS is also present in         the SPS referred to by the layer in the i-th OLS. It is a         requirement of bitstream conformance that, when         NumLayersInOls[i] is equal to 1, the profile_tier_level( )         syntax structures signalled in the VPS and in the SPS for the         i-th OLS shall be identical.         Each profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure in the VPS shall be         referred to by at least one value of vps_ols_ptl_idx[i]for i in         the range of 0 to TotalNumOlss−1, inclusive.         vps_num_dpb_params_minus1 plus 1, when present, specifies the         number of dpb_parameters( ) syntax structures in the VPS. The         value of vps_num_dpb_params_minus1 shall be in the range of 0 to         NumMultiLayerOlss−1, inclusive. The variable VpsNumDpbParams,         specifying the number of dpb_parameters( ) syntax structures in         the VPS, is derived as follows:

if( vps_each_layer_is_an_ols_flag )  VpsNumDpbParams = 0 else  VpsNumDpbParams = vps_num_dpb_params_minus1 + 1 vps_sublayer_dpb_params_present_flag is used to control the presence of max_dec_pic_buffering_minus1[ ], max_num_reorder_pics[ ], and max_latency_increase_plus1 [ ] syntax elements in the dpb_parameters( ) syntax structures in the VPS. When not present, vps_sub_dpb_params_info_present_flag is inferred to be equal to 0. vps_dpb_max_temporal_id[i] specifies the TemporalId of the highest sublayer representation for which the DPB parameters may be present in the i-th dpb_parameters( ) syntax structure in the VPS. The value of vps_dpb_max_temporal_id[i] shall be in the range of 0 to vps_max_sublayers_minus1, inclusive. When not present, the value of vps_dpb_max_temporal_id[i] is inferred to be equal to vps_max_sublayers_minus1. vps_ols_dpb_pic_width[i] specifies the width, in units of luma samples, of each picture storage buffer for the i-th multi-layer OLS. vps_ols_dpb_pic_height[i] specifies the height, in units of luma samples, of each picture storage buffer for the i-th multi-layer OLS. vps_ols_dpb_chroma_format[i] specifies the greatest allowed value of sps_chroma_format_idc for all SPSs that are referred to by CLVSs in the CVS for the i-th multi-layer OLS. vps_ols_dpb_bitdepth_minus8[i] specifies the greatest allowed value of sps_bit_depth_minus8 for all SPSs that are referred to by CLVSs in the CVS for the i-th multi-layer OLS.

-   -   NOTE—For decoding an OLS containing more than one layer and         having OLS index i, the deoder can safely allocate memory for         the DPB according to the values of the sntax elements         vps_ols_dpb_pic_width[i],         vps_ols_dpb_pic_height[i], vps_ols_dpb_chroma_format[i], and         vps_ols_dpb_bitdepth_minus8[i]. vps_ols_dpb_params_idx[i]         specifies the index, to the list of dpb_parameters( ) syntax         structures in the VPS, of the dpb_parameters( ) syntax structure         that applies to the i-th multi-layer OLS. When present, the         value of vps_ols_dpb_params_idx[i] shall be in the range of 0 to         VpsNumDpbParams−1, inclusive.         When vps_ols_dpb_params_idx[i] is not present, it is inferred as         follows:     -   If VpsNumDpbParams is equal to 1, the value of         vps_ols_dpb_params_idx[i] to be equal to 0.     -   Otherwise (VpsNumDpbParams is greater than 1 and equal to         NumMultiLayerOlss), the value of vps_ols_dpb_params_idx[i] is         inferred to be equal to i.         For a single-layer OLS, the applicable dpb_parameters( ) syntax         structure is present in the SPS referred to by the layer in the         OLS.         Each dpb_parameters( ) syntax structure in the VPS shall be         referred to by at least one value of         vps_ols_dpb_params_idx[i] for i in the range of 0 to         NumMultiLayerOlss−1, inclusive.         vps_general_hrd_params_present_flag equal to 1 specifies that         the VPS contains a general_hrd_parameters( ) syntax structure         and other HRD parameters. vps_general_hrd_params_present_flag         equal to 0 specifies that the VPS does not contain a         general_hrd_parameters( ) syntax structure or other HRD         parameters. When not present, the value of         vps_general_hrd_params_present_flag is inferred to be equal to         0.         When NumLayersInOls[i] is equal to 1, the         general_hrd_parameters( ) syntax structure and the         ols_hrd_parameters( ) syntax structure that apply to the i-th         OLS are present in the SPS referred to by the layer in the i-th         OLS.         vps_sublayer_cpb_params_present_flag equal to 1 specifies that         the i-th ols_hrd_parameters( ) syntax structure in the VPS         contains HRD parameters for the sublayer representations with         TemporalId in the range of 0 to vps_hrd_max_tid[i], inclusive.         vps_sublayer_cpb_params_present_flag equal to 0 specifies that         the i-th ols_hrd_parameters( ) syntax structure in the VPS         contains HRD parameters for the sublayer representation with         TemporalId equal to vps_hrd_max_tid[i] only. When         vps_max_sublayers_minus1 is equal to 0, the value of         vps_sublayer_cpb_params_present_flag is inferred to be equal to         0.         When vps_sublayer_cpb_params_present_flag is equal to 0, the HRD         parameters for the sublayer representations with TemporalId in         the range of 0 to vps_hrd_max_tid[i]−1, inclusive, are inferred         to be the same as that for the sublayer representation with         TemporalId equal to vps_hrd_max_tid[i]. These include the HRD         parameters starting from the fixed_pic_rate_general_flag[i]         syntax element till the sublayer_hrd_parameters(i) syntax         structure immediately under the condition         “if(general_vcl_hrd_params_present_flag)” in the         ols_hrd_parameters syntax structure.

vps_num_ols_hrd_params_minus1 plus 1 specifies the number of ols_hrd_parameters( ) syntax structures present in the VPS when vps_general_hrd_params_present_flag is equal to 1. The value of vps_num_ols_hrd_params_minus1 shall be in the range of 0 to NumMultiLayerOlss−1, inclusive.

vps_hrd_max_tid[i] specifies the TemporalId of the highest sublayer representation for which the HRD parameters are contained in the i-th ols_hrd_parameters( ) syntax structure. The value of vps_hrd_max_tid[i] shall be in the range of 0 to vps_max_sublayers_minus1, inclusive. When not present, the value of vps_hrd_max_tid[i] is inferred to be equal to vps_max_sublayers_minus1. vps_ols_hrd_idx[i] specifies the index, to the list of ols_hrd_parameters( ) syntax structures in the VPS, of the ols_hrd_parameters( ) syntax structure that applies to the i-th multi-layer OLS. The value of vps_ols_hrd_idx[i] shall be in the range of 0 to vps_num_ols_hrd_params_minus1, inclusive. When NumLayersInOls[i] is greater than 1 and vps_ols_hrd_idx[i] is not present, it is inferred as follows:

-   -   If vps_num_ols_hrd_params_minus1 is equal to 0, the value of         vps_ols_hrd_idx[[i] is inferred to be equal to 0.     -   Otherwise (vps_num_ols_hrd_params_minus1 is greater than 0 and         vps_num_ols_hrd_params_minus1+1 is equal to NumMultiLayerOlss),         the value of vps_ols_hrd_idx[i] is inferred to be equal to i.         For a single-layer OLS, the applicable ols_hrd_parameters( )         syntax structure is present in the SPS referred to by the layer         in the OLS.         Each ols_hrd_parameters( ) syntax structure in the VPS shall be         referred to by at least one value of vps_ols_hrd_idx[i]for i in         the range of 1 to NumMultiLayerOlss−1, inclusive.         vps_extension_flag equal to 0 specifies that no         vps_extension_data_flag syntax elements are present in the VPS         RBSP syntax structure. vps_extension_flag equal to 1 specifies         that there are vps_extension_data_flag syntax elements present         in the VPS RBSP syntax structure.         vps_extension_data_flag may have any value. Its presence and         value do not affect decoder conformance to profiles specified in         this version of this Specification. Decoders conforming to this         version of this Specification shall ignore all         vps_extension_data_flag syntax elements.

As provided in Table 2, a NAL unit may include a sequence parameter set (SPS) syntax structure. Table 4 illustrates the syntax structure of the video parameter set provided in JVET-R2001.

TABLE 4 Descriptor seq_parameter_set_rbsp( ) {  sps_seq_parameter_set_id u(4)  sps_video_parameter_set_id u(4)  sps_max_sublayers_minus1 u(3)  sps_reserved_zero_4bits u(4)  sps_ptl_dpb_hrd_params_present_flag u(1)  if( sps_ptl_dpb_hrd_params_present_flag )   profile_tier_level( 1, sps_max_sublayers_minus1 )  sps_gdr_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_chroma_format_idc u(2)  if( sps_chroma_format_idc = = 3 )   sps_separate_colour_plane_flag u(1)  sps_ref_pic_resampling_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_ref_pic_resampling_enabled_flag )   sps_res_change_in_clvs_allowed_flag u(1)  sps_pic_width_max_in_luma_samples ue(v)  sps_pic_height_max_in_luma_samples ue(v)  sps_conformance_window_flag u(1)  if( sps_conformance_window_flag ) {   sps_conf_win_left_offset ue(v)   sps_conf_win_right_offset ue(v)   sps_conf_win_top_offset ue(v)   sps_conf_win_bottom_offset ue(v)  }  sps_log2_ctu_size_minus5 u(2)  sps_subpic_info_present_flag u(1)  if( sps_subpic_info_present_flag ) {   sps_num_subpics_minus1 ue(v)   if( sps_num_subpics_minus1 > 0 )    sps_independent_subpics_flag u(1)   for( i = 0; sps_num_subpics_minus1 > 0 && i <= sps_num_subpics_minus1; i++ ) {    if( i > 0 && sps_pic_width_max_in_luma_samples > CtbSizeY )     sps_subpic_ctu_top_left_x[ i ] u(v)    if( i > 0 && sps_pic_height_max_in_luma_samples > CtbSizeY ) {     sps_subpic_ctu_top_left_y[ i ] u(v)    if( i < sps_num_subpics_minus1 &&      sps_pic_width_max_in_luma_samples > CtbSizeY )     sps_subpic_width_minus1[ i ] u(v)    if( i < sps_num_subpics_minus1 &&      sps_pic_height_max_in_luma_samples > CtbSizeY )     sps_subpic_height_minus1[ i ] u(v)    if( !sps_independent_subpics_flag ) {     sps_subpic_treated_as_pic_flag[ i ] u(1)     sps_loop_filter_across_subpic_enabled_flag[ i ] u(1)    }   }   sps_subpic_id_len_minus1 ue(v)   sps_subpic_id_mapping_explicitly_signalled_flag u(1)   if( sps_subpic_id_mapping_explicitly_signalled_flag ) {    sps_subpic_id_mapping_present_flag u(1)    if( sps_subpic_id_mapping_present_flag )     for( i = 0; i <= sps_num_subpics_minus1; i++ )      sps_subpic_id[ i ] u(v)   }  }  sps_bit_depth_minus8 ue(v)  sps_entropy_coding_sync_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_entry_point_offsets_present_flag u(1)  sps_log2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4 u(4)  sps_poc_msb_cycle_flag u(1)  if( sps_poc_msb_cycle_flag )   sps_poc_msb_cycle_len_minus1 ue(v)  sps_num_extra_ph_bits_bytes u(2)  extra_ph_bits_struct( sps_num_extra_ph_bits_bytes )  sps_num_extra_sh_bits_bytes u(2)  extra_sh_bits_struct( sps_num_extra_sh_bits_bytes )  if( sps_ptl_dpb_hrd_params_present_flag ) {   if( sps_max_sublayers_minus1 > 0 )    sps_sublayer_dpb_params_flag u(1)   dpb_parameters( sps_max_sublayers_minus1, sps_sublayer_dpb_params_flag )  }  if( ChromaArrayType != 0 )   sps_qtbtt_dual_tree_intra_flag u(1)  sps_log2_min_luma_coding_block_size_minus2 ue(v)  sps_partition_constraints_override_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_log2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_intra_slice_luma ue(v)  sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_luma ue(v)  if( sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_luma != 0 ) {   sps_log2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_intra_slice_luma ue(v)   sps_log2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_intra_slice_luma ue(v)  }  sps_log2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_inter_slice ue(v)  sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_inter_slice ue(v)  if( sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_inter_slice != 0 ) {   sps_log2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_inter_slice ue(v)   sps_log2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_inter_slice ue(v)  }  if( sps_qtbtt_dual_tree_intra_flag ) {   sps_log2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_intra_slice_chroma ue(v)   sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_chroma ue(v)   if( sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_chroma != 0 ) {    sps_log2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_intra_slice_chroma ue(v)    sps_log2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_intra_slice_chroma ue(v)   }  }  if( CtbSizeY > 32 )   sps_max_luma_transform_size_64_flag u(1)  if( ChromaArrayType != 0 ) {   sps_joint_cbcr_enabled_flag u(1)   sps_same_qp_table_for_chroma_flag u(1)   numQpTables = sps_same_qp_table_for_chroma_flag ? 1 :     ( sps_joint_cbcr_enabled_flag ? 3 : 2 )   for( i = 0; i < numQpTables; i++ ) {    sps_qp_table_start_minus26[ i ] se(v)    sps_num_points_in_qp_table_minus1[ i ] ue(v)    for( j = 0; j <= sps_num_points_in_qp_table_minus1[ i ]; j++ ) {     sps_delta_qp_in_val_minus1[ i ][ j ] ue(v)     sps_delta_qp_diff_val[ i ][ j ] ue(v)    }   }  }  sps_sao_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_alf_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_alf_enabled_flag && ChromaArrayType != 0 )   sps_ccalf_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_transform_skip_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_transform_skip_enabled_flag) {   sps_log2_transform_skip_max_size_minus2 ue(v)   sps_bdpcm_enabled_flag u(1)  }  sps_weighted_pred_flag u(1)  sps_weighted_bipred_flag u(1)  sps_long_term_ref_pics_flag u(1)  if( sps_video_parameter_set_id > 0 )   sps_inter_layer_ref_pics_present_flag u(1)  sps_idr_rpl_present_flag u(1)  sps_rpl1_same_as_rpl0_flag u(1)  for( i = 0; i < sps_rpl1_same_as_rpl0_flag ? 1 : 2; i++ ) {   sps_num_ref_pic_lists[ i ] ue(v)   for( j = 0; j < sps_num_ref_pic_lists[ i ]; j++)    ref_pic_list_struct( i, j )  }  sps_ref_wraparound_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_temporal_mvp_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_temporal_mvp_enabled_flag )   sps_sbtmvp_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_amvr_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_bdof_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_bdof_enabled_flag )   sps_bdof_control_present_in_ph_flag u(1)  sps_smvd_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_dmvr_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_dmvr_enabled_flag )   sps_dmvr_control_present_in_ph_flag u(1)  sps_mmvd_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_mmvd_enabled_flag )   sps_mmvd_fullpel_only_flag u(1)  sps_six_minus_max_num_merge_cand ue(v)  sps_sbt_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_affine_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_affine_enabled_flag ) {   sps_five_minus_max_num_subblock_merge_cand ue(v)   sps_affine_type_flag u(1)   if( sps_amvr_enabled_flag )    sps_affine_amvr_enabled_flag u(1)   sps_affine_prof_enabled_flag u(1)   if( sps_affine_prof_enabled_flag )    sps_prof_control_present_in_ph_flag u(1)  }  sps_bcw_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_ciip_enabled_flag u(1)  if( MaxNumMergeCand >= 2 ) {   sps_gpm_enabled_flag u(1)   if( sps_gpm_enabled_flag && MaxNumMergeCand >= 3 )    sps_max_num_merge_cand_minus_max_num_gpm_cand ue(v)  }  sps_log2_parallel_merge_level_minus2 ue(v)  sps_isp_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_mrl_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_mip_enabled_flag u(1)  if( ChromaArrayType != 0 )   sps_cclm_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_chroma_format_idc = = 1 ) {   sps_chroma_horizontal_collocated_flag u(1)   sps_chroma_vertical_collocated_flag u(1)  }  sps_mts_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_mts_enabled_flag ) {   sps_explicit_mts_intra_enabled_flag u(1)   sps_explicit_mts_inter_enabled_flag u(1)  }  sps_palette_enabled_flag u(1)  if( ChromaArrayType = = 3 && !sps_max_luma_transform_size_64_flag )   sps_act_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_transform_skip_enabled_flag ∥ sps_palette_enabled_flag )   sps_internal_bit_depth_minus_input_bit_depth ue(v)  sps_ibc_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_ibc_enabled_flag )   sps_six_minus_max_num_ibc_merge_cand ue(v)  sps_lmcs_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_lfnst_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_ladf_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_ladf_enabled_flag ) {   sps_num_ladf_intervals_minus2 u(2)   sps_ladf_lowest_interval_qp_offset se(v)   for( i = 0; i < sps_num_ladf_intervals_minus2 + 1; i++ ) {    sps_ladf_qp_offset[ i ] se(v)    sps_ladf_delta_threshold_minus1[ i ] ue(v)   }  }  sps_explicit_scaling_list_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_lfnst_enabled_flag && sps_explicit_scaling_list_enabled_flag )  sps_scaling_matrix_for_lfnst_disabled_flag u(1)   if( sps_act_enabled_flag && sps_explicit_scaling_list_enabled_flag )  sps_scaling_matrix_for_alternative_colour_space_disabled_flag u(1)   if( sps_scaling_matrix_for_alternative_colour_space_disabled_flag )  sps_scaling_matrix_designated_colour_space_flag u(1)  sps_dep_quant_enabled_flag u(1)  if( !sps_dep_quant_enabled_flag )   sps_sign_data_hiding_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_virtual_boundaries_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_virtual_boundaries_enabled_flag ) {   sps_virtual_boundaries_present_flag u(1)   if( sps_virtual_boundaries_present_flag ) {    sps_num_ver_virtual_boundaries u(2)    for( i = 0; i < sps_num_ver_virtual_boundaries; i++ )     sps_virtual_boundary_pos_x[ i ] ue(v)    sps_num_hor_virtual_boundaries u(2)    for( i = 0; i < sps_num_hor_virtual_boundaries; i++ )     sps_virtual_boundary_pos_y[ i ] ue(v)   }  }  if( sps_ptl_dpb_hrd_params_present_flag ) {   sps_general_hrd_params_present_flag u(1)   if( sps_general_hrd_params_present_flag ) {    general_hrd_parameters( )    if( sps_max_sublayers_minus1 > 0 )     sps_sublayer_cpb_params_present_flag u(1)    firstSubLayer = sps_sublayer_cpb_params_present_flag ? 0 :      sps_max_sublayers_minus 1    ols_hrd_parameters( firstSubLayer, sps_max_sublayers_minus1 )   }  }  sps_field_seq_flag u(1)  sps_vui_parameters_present_flag u(1)  if( sps_vui_parameters_present_flag )   vui_parameters( ) /* Specified in ITU-T H.SEI | ISO/IEC 23002-7 */  sps_extension_flag u(1)  if( sps_extension_flag )   while( more_rbsp_data( ) )    sps_extension_data_flag u(1)  rbsp_trailing_bits( ) }

With respect to Table 4, JVET-R2001 provides the following semantics:

An SPS RBSP shall be available to the decoding process prior to it being referenced, included in at least one AU with TemporalId equal to 0 or provided through external means. All SPS NAL units with a particular value of sps_seq_parameter_set_id in a CVS shall have the same content. sps_seq_parameter_set_id provides an identifier for the SPS for reference by other syntax elements. SPS NAL units, regardless of the nuh_layer_id values, share the same value space of sps_seq_parameter_set_id. Let spsLayerId be the value of the nuh_layer_id of a particular SPS NAL unit, and vclLayerId be the value of the nuh_layer_id of a particular VCL NAL unit. The particular VCL NAL unit shall not refer to the particular SPS NAL unit unless spsLayerId is less than or equal to vclLayerId and all OLSs specified by the VPS that contain the layer with nuh_layer_id equal to vclLayerId also contain the layer with nuh_layer_id equal to spslayerId. sps_video_parameter_set_id, when greater than 0, specifies the value of vps_video_parameter_set_id for the VPS referred to by the SPS. When sps_video_parameter_set_id is equal to 0, the following applies:

-   -   The SPS does not refer to a VPS, and no VPS is referred to when         decoding each CLVS referring to the SPS.     -   The value of vps_max_layers_minus1 is inferred to be equal to 0.     -   The value of vps_max_sublayers_minus1 is inferred to be equal to         6.     -   The CVS shall contain only one layer (i.e., all VCL NAL unit in         the CVS shall have the same value of nuh_layer_id).     -   The value of GeneralLayerIdx[nuh_layer_id] is inferred to be         equal to 0.     -   The value of         vps_independent_layer_flag[GeneralLayerIdx[nuh_layer_id]] is         inferred to be equal to 1.         When vps_independent_layer_flag[GeneralLayerIdx[nuh_layer_id]]         is equal to 1, the SPS referred to by a CLVS with a particular         nuh_layer_id value nuhLayerId shall have nuh_layer_id equal to         nuhLayerId.         The value of sps_video_parameter_set_id shall be the same in all         SPSs that are referred to by CLVSs in a CVS.         sps_max_sublayers_minus1 plus 1 specifies the maximum number of         temporal sublayers that may be present in each CLVS referring to         the SPS. The value of sps_max_sublayers_minus1 shall be in the         range of 0 to vps_max_sublayers_minus1, inclusive.         sps_reserved_zero_4bits shall be equal to 0 in bitstreams         conforming to this version of this Specification. Other values         for sps_reserved_zero_4bits are reserved for future use by ITU-T         I ISO/IEC.         sps_ptl_dpb_hrd_params_present_flag equal to 1 specifies that a         profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure and a dpb_parameters( )         syntax structure are present in the SPS, and a         general_hrd_parameters( ) syntax structure and an         ols_hrd_parameters( ) syntax structure may also be present in         the SPS. sps_ptl_dpb_hrd_params_present_flag equal to 0         specifies that none of these four syntax structures is present         in the SPS.         When sps_video_parameter_set_id is greater than 0 and there is         an OLS that contains only one layer with nuh_layer_id equal to         the nuh_layer_id of the SPS, or when sps_video_parameter_set_id         is equal to 0, the value of sps_ptl_dpb_hrd_params_present_flag         shall be equal to 1.         sps_gdr_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that GDR pictures are         enabled and may be present in CLVS. sps_gdr_enabled_flag equal         to 0 specifies that GDR pictures are disabled and not present in         CLVS.         sps_chroma_format_idc specifies the chroma sampling relative to         the luma sampling as specified.         When sps_video_parameter_set_id is greater than 0 and the SPS is         referenced by a layer that is included in the i-th multi-layer         OLS specified by the VPS for any i in the range of 0 to         NumMultiLayerOlss−1, inclusive, it is a requirement of bitstream         conformance that the value of sps_chroma_format_idc shall be         less than or equal to the value of vps_ols_dpb_chroma_format[i].         sps_separate_colour_plane_flag equal to 1 specifies that the         three colour components of the 4:4:4 chroma format are coded         separately. sps_separate_colour_plane_flag equal to 0 specifies         that the colour components are not coded separately. When         sps_separate_colour_plane_flag is not present, it is inferred to         be equal to 0. When sps_separate_colour_plane_flag is equal to         1, the coded picture consists of three separate components, each         of which consists of coded samples of one colour plane (Y, Cb,         or Cr) and uses the monochrome coding syntax. In this case, each         colour plane is associated with a specific sh_colour_plane_id         value.     -   NOTE—There is no dependency in decoding processes between the         colour planes having different sh_colour_plane_id values. For         example, the decoding process of a monochrome picture with one         value of sh_colour_plane_id does not use any data from         monochrome pictures having different values of         sh_colour_plane_id for inter prediction.         Depending on the value of sps_separate_colour_plane_flag, the         value of the variable ChromaArrayType is assigned as follows:     -   If sps_separate_colour_plane_flag is equal to 0, ChromaArrayType         is set equal to sps_chroma_format_idc.     -   Otherwise (sps_separate_colour_plane_flag is equal to 1),         ChromaArrayType is set equal to 0.         sps_ref_pic_resampling_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that         reference picture resampling is enabled and one or more slices         of pictures in the CLVS may refer to a reference picture with a         different spatial resolution in an active entry of a reference         picture list. sps_ref_pic_resampling_enabled_flag equal to 0         specifies that reference picture resampling is disabled and no         slice of pictures in the CLVS refers to a reference picture with         a different spatial resolution in an active entry of a reference         picture list.     -   NOTE—When sps_ref_pic_resampling_enabled_flag is equal to 1, for         a current picture the reference picture with a different spatial         resolution may either belong to the same layer or a different         layer than the layer containing the current picture.         sps_res_change_in_clvs_allowed_flag equal to 1 specifies that         the picture spatial resolution may change within a CLVS         referring to the SPS. sps_res_change_in_clvs_allowed_flag equal         to 0 specifies that the picture spatial resolution does not         change within any CLVS referring to the SPS. When not present,         the value of sps_res_change_in_clvs_allowed_flag is inferred to         be equal to 0.         sps_pic_width_max_in_luma_samples specifies the maximum width,         in units of luma samples, of each decoded picture referring to         the SPS. sps_pic_width_max_in_luma_samples shall not be equal to         0 and shall be an integer multiple of Max(8, MinCbSizeY).         When sps_video_parameter_set_id is greater than 0 and the SPS is         referenced by a layer that is included in the i-th multi-layer         OLS specified by the VPS for any i in the range of 0 to         NumMultiLayerOlss−1, inclusive, it is a requirement of bitstream         conformance that the value of sps_pic_width_max_in_luma_samples         shall be less than or equal to the value of         vps_ols_dpb_pic_width[i].         sps_pic_height_max_in_luma_samples specifies the maximum height,         in units of luma samples, of each decoded picture referring to         the SPS. sps_pic_height_max_in_luma_samples shall not be equal         to 0 and shall be an integer multiple of Max(8, MinCbSizeY).         When sps_video_parameter_set_id is greater than 0 and the SPS is         referenced by a layer that is included in the i-th multi-layer         OLS specified by the VPS for any i in the range of 0 to         NumMultiLayerOlss−1, inclusive, it is a requirement of bitstream         conformance that the value of sps_pic_height_max_in_luma_samples         shall be less than or equal to the value of         vps_ols_dpb_pic_height[i].         sps_conformance_window_flag equal to 1 indicates that the         conformance cropping window offset parameters follow next in the         SPS. sps_conformance_window_flag equal to 0 indicates that the         conformance cropping window offset parameters are not present in         the SPS.         sps_conf_win_left_offset, sps_conf_win_right_offset,         sps_conf_win_top_offset, and sps_conf_win_bottom_offset specify         the cropping window that is applied to pictures with         pps_pic_width_in_luma_samples equal to         sps_pic_width_max_in_luma_samples and         pps_pic_height_in_luma_samples equal to         sps_pic_height_max_in_luma_samples. When         sps_conformance_window_flag is equal to 0, the values of         sps_conf_win_left_offset, sps_conf_win_right_offset,         sps_conf_win_top_offset, and sps_conf_win_bottom_offset are         inferred to be equal to 0.         The conformance cropping window contains the luma samples with         horizontal picture coordinates from         SubWidthC*sps_conf_win_left_offset to         sps_pic_width_max_in_luma_samples−(SubWidthC*sps_conf_win_right_offset+1)         and vertical picture coordinates from         SubHeightC*sps_conf_win_top_offset to         sps_pic_height_max_in_luma_samples−(SubHeightC*sps_conf_win_bottom_offset+1),         inclusive.         The value of         SubWidthC*(sps_conf_win_left_offset+sps_conf_win_right_offset)         shall be less than sps_pic_width_max_in_luma_samples, and the         value of         SubHeightC*(sps_conf_win_top_offset+sps_conf_win_bottom_offset)         shall be less than sps_pic_height_max_in_luma_samples.         When ChromaArrayType is not equal to 0, the corresponding         specified samples of the two chroma arrays are the samples         having picture coordinates (x/SubWidthC, y/SubHeightC), where         (x, y) are the picture coordinates of the specified luma         samples.     -   NOTE—The conformance cropping window offset parameters are only         applied at the output. All internal decoding processes are         applied to the uncropped picture size.         sps_log 2_ctu_size_minus5 plus 5 specifies the luma coding tree         block size of each CTU. The value of sps_log 2_ctu_size_minus5         shall be in the range of 0 to 2, inclusive. The value 3 for         sps_log 2_ctu_size_minus5 is reserved for future use by ITU-TI         ISO/IEC.         The variables Cbt Log 2 SizeY and CtbSizeY are derived as         follows:

Cbt Log 2 SizeY=sps_log 2_ctu_size_minus5+5

CtbSizeY=1<<Cbt Log 2 SizeY

sps_subpic_info_present_flag equal to 1 specifies that subpicture information is present for the CLVS and there may be one or more than one subpicture in each picture of the CLVS. sps_subpic_info_present_flag equal to 0 specifies that subpicture information is not present for the CLVS and there is only one subpicture in each picture of the CLVS. When sps_res_change_in_clvs_allowed_flag is equal to 1, the value of sps_subpic_info_present_flag shall be equal to 0.

-   -   NOTE—When a bitstream is the result of a sub-bitstream         extraction process and contains only a subset of the subpictures         of the input bitstream to the sub-bitstream extraction process,         it might be required to set the value of         sps_subpic_info_present_flag equal to 1 in the RBSP of the SPSs.         sps_num_subpics_minus1 plus 1 specifies the number of         subpictures in each picture in the CLVS. The value of         sps_num_subpics_minus1 shall be in the range of 0 to         Ceil(sps_pic_width_max_in_luma_samples+CtbSizeY)*Ceil(sps_pic_height_max_in_luma_samples+CtbSizeY)−1,         inclusive. When not present, the value of sps_num_subpics_minus1         is inferred to be equal to 0.         sps_independent_subpics_flag equal to 1 specifies that all         subpicture boundaries in the CLVS are treated as picture         boundaries and there is no loop filtering across the subpicture         boundaries. sps_independent_subpics_flag equal to 0 does not         impose such a constraint. When not present, the value of         sps_independent_subpics_flag is inferred to be equal to 1.         sps_subpic_ctu_top_left_x[i] specifies horizontal position of         top left CTU of i-th subpicture in unit of CtbSizeY. The length         of the syntax element is Ceil(Log 2         ((sps_pic_width_max_in_luma_samples+CtbSizeY−1)>>Cbt Log 2         SizeY))bits. When not present, the value of         sps_subpic_ctu_top_left_x[i] is inferred to be equal to 0.         sps_subpic_ctu_top_left_y[i] specifies vertical position of top         left CTU of i-th subpicture in unit of CtbSizeY. The length of         the syntax element is Ceil(Log 2         ((sps_pic_height_max_in_luma_samples+CtbSizeY−1)>>Cbt Log 2         SizeY))bits. When not present, the value of         sps_subpic_ctu_top_left_y[i] is inferred to be equal to 0.         sps_subpic_width_minus1[i] plus 1 specifies the width of the         i-th subpicture in units of CtbSizeY. The length of the syntax         element is Ceil(Log 2         ((sps_pic_width_max_in_luma_samples+CtbSizeY−1)>>Cbt Log 2         SizeY) ) bits. When not present, the value of         sps_subpic_width_minus1 [i] is inferred to be equal to         ((sps_pic_width_max_in_luma_samples+CtbSizeY−1)>>Cbt Log 2         SizeY)−sps_subpic_ctu_top_left_x[i]-1.         sps_subpic_height_minus1[i] plus 1 specifies the height of the         i-th subpicture in units of CtbSizeY. The length of the syntax         element is Ceil(Log 2         ((sps_pic_height_max_in_luma_samples+CtbSizeY−1)>>Cbt Log 2         SizeY) ) bits. When not present, the value of         sps_subpic_height_minus1[i] is inferred to be equal to         ((sps_pic_height_max_in_luma_samples+CtbSizeY−1)>>Cbt Log 2         SizeY)−sps_subpic_ctu_top_left_y[i]−1.         It is a requirement of bitstream conformance that the shapes of         the subpictures shall be such that each subpicture, when         decoded, shall have its entire left boundary and entire top         boundary consisting of picture boundaries or consisting of         boundaries of previously decoded subpictures.         For each subpicture with subpicture index i in the range of 0 to         sps_num_subpics_minus1, inclusive, it is a requirement of         bitstream conformance that all of the following conditions are         true:     -   The value of (sps_subpic_ctu_top_left_x[i]*CtbSizeY) shall be         less than         (sps_pic_width_max_in_luma_samples−sps_conf_win_right_offset*SubWidthC).     -   The value of         ((sps_subpic_ctu_top_left_x[i]+sps_subpic_width_minus1[i]+1)*CtbSizeY)         shall be greater than (sps_conf_win_left_offset*SubWidthC).     -   The value of (sps_subpic_ctu_top_left_y[i]*CtbSizeY) shall be         less than         (sps_pic_height_max_in_luma_samples−sps_conf_win_bottom_offset*SubHeightC).     -   The value of         ((sps_subpic_ctu_top_left_y[i]+sps_subpic_height_minus1[i]+1)*CtbSizeY)         shall be greater than (sps_conf_win_top_offset*SubHeightC).         sps_subpic_treated_as_pic_flag[i] equal to 1 specifies that the         i-th subpicture of each coded picture in the CLVS is treated as         a picture in the decoding process excluding in-loop filtering         operations. sps_subpic_treated_as_pic_flag[i]equal to 0         specifies that the i-th subpicture of each coded picture in the         CLVS is not treated as a picture in the decoding process         excluding in-loop filtering operations. When not present, the         value of sps_subpic_treated_as_pic_flag[i] is inferred to be         equal to 1.         When sps_num_subpics_minus1 is greater than 0 and         sps_subpic_treated_as_pic_flag[i] is equal to 1, for each CLVS         of a current layer referring to the SPS, let targetAuSet be all         the AUs starting from the AU containing the first picture of the         CLVS in decoding order, to the AU containing the last picture of         the CLVS in decoding order, inclusive, it is a requirement of         bitstream conformance that all of the following conditions are         true for the targetLayerSet that consists of the current layer         and all the layers that have the current layer as a reference         layer:     -   For each AU in targetAuSet, all pictures of the layers in         targetLayerSet shall have the same value of         pps_pic_width_in_luma_samples and the same value of         pps_pic_height_in_luma_samples.     -   All the SPSs referred to by the layers in targetLayerSet shall         have the same value of sps_num_subpics_minus1 and shall have the         same values of sps_subpic_ctu_top_left_x[j],         sps_subpic_ctu_top_left_y[j], sps_subpic_width_minus1[j],         sps_subpic_height_minus1[j], and         sps_subpic_treated_as_pic_flag[j], respectively, for each value         of j in the range of 0 to sps_num_subpics_minus1, inclusive.     -   For each AU in targetAuSet, all pictures of the layers in         targetLayerSet shall have the same value of SubpicIdVal[j] for         each value of j in the range of 0 to sps_num_subpics_minus1,         inclusive.         sps_loop_filter_across_subpic_enabled_flag[i] equal to 1         specifies that in-loop filtering operations across subpicture         boundaries is enabled and may be performed across the boundaries         of the i-th subpicture in each coded picture in the CLVS.         sps_loop_filter_across_subpic_enabled_flag[i] equal to 0         specifies that in-loop filtering operations across subpicture         boundaries is disabled and are not performed across the         boundaries of the i-th subpicture in each coded picture in the         CLVS. When not present, the value of         sps_loop_filter_across_subpic_enabled_pic_flag[i] is inferred to         be equal to 0.         sps_subpic_id_len_minus1 plus 1 specifies the number of bits         used to represent the syntax element sps_subpic_id[i], the         syntax elements pps_subpic_id[i], when present, and the syntax         element sh_subpic_id, when present. The value of         sps_subpic_id_len_minus1 shall be in the range of 0 to 15,         inclusive. The value of 1<<(sps_subpic_id_len_minus1+1) shall be         greater than or equal to sps_num_subpics_minus1+1.         sps_subpic_id_mapping_explicitly_signalled_flag equal to 1         specifies that the subpicture ID mapping is explicitly         signalled, either in the SPS or in the PPSs referred to by coded         pictures of the CLVS.         sps_subpic_id_mapping_explicitly_signalled_flag equal to 0         specifies that the subpicture ID mapping is not explicitly         signalled for the CLVS. When not present, the value of         sps_subpic_id_mapping_explicitly_signalled_flag is inferred to         be equal to 0.         sps_subpic_id_mapping_present_flag equal to 1 specifies that the         subpicture ID mapping is signalled in the SPS when         sps_subpic_id_mapping_explicitly_signalled_flag is equal to 1.         sps_subpic_id_mapping_present_flag equal to 0 specifies that         subpicture ID mapping is signalled in the PPSs referred to by         coded pictures of the CLVS when         sps_subpic_id_mapping_explicitly_signalled_flag is equal to 1.         sps_subpic_id[i] specifies the subpicture ID of the i-th         subpicture. The length of the sps_subpic_id[i] syntax element is         sps_subpic_id_len_minus1+1 bits.         sps_bit_depth_minus8 specifies the bit depth of the samples of         the luma and chroma arrays, BitDepth, and the value of the luma         and chroma quantization parameter range offset, QpBdOffset, as         follows:

BitDepth=8+sps_bit_depth_minus8

QpBdOffset=6*sps_bit_depth_minus8

sps_bit_depth_minus8 shall be in the range of 0 to 8, inclusive. When sps_video_parameter_set_id is greater than 0 and the SPS is referenced by a layer that is included in the i-th multi-layer OLS specified by the VPS for any i in the range of 0 to NumMultiLayerOlss−1, inclusive, it is a requirement of bitstream conformance that the value of sps_bit_depth_minus8 shall be less than or equal to the value of vps_ols_dpb_bitdepth_minus8[i]. sps_entropy_coding_sync_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that a specific synchronization process for context variables is invoked before decoding the CTU that includes the first CTB of a row of CTBs in each tile in each picture referring to the SPS, and a specific storage process for context variables is invoked after decoding the CTU that includes the first CTB of a row of CTBs in each tile in each picture referring to the SPS. sps_entropy_coding_sync_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that no specific synchronization process for context variables is required to be invoked before decoding the CTU that includes the first CTB of a row of CTBs in each tile in each picture referring to the SPS, and no specific storage process for context variables is required to be invoked after decoding the CTU that includes the first CTB of a row of CTBs in each tile in each picture referring to the SPS.

-   -   NOTE—When sps_entropy_coding_sync_enabled_flag is equal to 1,         the so-called wavefront parallel processing (WPP) is enabled.         sps_entry_point_offsets_present_flag equal to 1 specifies that         signalling for entry point offsets for tiles or tile-specific         CTU rows may be present in the slice headers of pictures         referring to the SPS.         sps_entry_point_offsets_present_flag equal to 0 specifies that         signalling for entry point offsets for tiles or tile-specific         CTU rows are not present in the slice headers of pictures         referring to the SPS. sps_log 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4         specifies the value of the variable MaxPicOrderCntLsb that is         used in the decoding process for picture order count as follows:

MaxPicOrderCntLsb=2^((sps_log) 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4+4)

The value of sps_log 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4 shall be in the range of 0 to 12, inclusive. sps_poc_msb_cycle_flag equal to 1 specifies that the ph_poc_msb_cycle_present_flag syntax element is present in PHs referring to the SPS. sps_poc_msb_cycle_flag equal to 0 specifies that the ph_poc_msb_cycle_present_flag syntax element is not present in PHs referring to the SPS. sps_poc_msb_cycle_len_minus1 plus 1 specifies the length, in bits, of the ph_poc_msb_cycle_val syntax elements, when present in the PHs referring to the SPS. The value of sps_poc_msb_cycle_len_minus1 shall be in the range of 0 to 32−sps_log 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4−5, inclusive. sps_num_extra_ph_bits_bytes specifies the number of bytes of extra bits in the PH syntax structure for coded pictures referring to the SPS. The value of sps_num_extra_ph_bits_bytes shall be equal to 0 in bitstreams conforming to this version of this Specification. Although the value of sps_num_extra_ph_bits_bytes is required to be equal to 0 in this version of this Specification, decoder conforming to this version of this Specification shall allow the value of sps_num_extra_ph_bits_bytes equal to 1 or 2 to appear in the syntax. sps_num_extra_sh_bits_bytes specifies the number of bytes of extra bits in the slice headers for coded pictures referring to the SPS. The value of sps_num_extra_sh_bits_bytes shall be equal to 0 in bitstreams conforming to this version of this Specification. Although the value of sps_num_extra_sh_bits_bytes is required to be equal to 0 in this version of this Specification, decoder conforming to this version of this Specification shall allow the value of sps_num_extra_sh_bits_bytes equal to 1 or 2 to appear in the syntax. sps_sublayer_dpb_params_flag is used to control the presence of max_dec_pic_buffering_minus1[i], max_num_reorder_pics[i], and max_latency_increase_plus1 [i] syntax elements in the dpb_parameters( ) syntax strucure in the SPS. When not present, the value of sps_sub_dpb_params_info_present_flag is inferred to be equal to 0. sps_qtbtt_dual_tree_intra_flag equal to 1 specifies that, for I slices, each CTU is split into coding units with 64×64 luma samples using an implicit quadtree split, and these coding units are the root of two separate coding_tree syntax structure for luma and chroma. sps_qtbtt_dual_tree_intra_flag equal to 0 specifies separate coding_tree syntax structure is not used for I slices. When sps_qtbtt_dual_tree_intra_flag is not present, it is inferred to be equal to 0. sps_log 2_min_luma_coding_block_size_minus2 plus 2 specifies the minimum luma coding block size. The value range of sps_log 2_min_luma_coding_block_size_minus2 shall be in the range of 0 to Min(4, sps_log 2_ctu_size_minus5+3), inclusive. The variables MinCb Log 2 SizeY, MinCbSizeY, IbcBufWidthY, IbcBufWidthC and Vsize are derived as follows:

MinCb Log 2 SizeY=sps_log 2_min_luma_coding_block_size_minus2+2

MinCbSizeY=1<<MinCb Log 2 SizeY

IbcBufWidthY=256*128/CtbSizeY

IbcBufWidthC=IbcBufWidthY/SubWidthC

VSize=Min(64,CtbSizeY)

The value of MinCbSizeY shall less than or equal to VSize. The variables CtbWidthC and CtbHeightC, which specify the width and height, respectively, of the array for each chroma CTB, are derived as follows:

-   -   If sps_chroma_format_idc is equal to 0 (monochrome) or         sps_separate_colour_plane_flag is equal to 1, CtbWidthC and         CtbHeightC are both equal to 0.     -   Otherwise, CtbWidthC and CtbHeightC are derived as follows:

CtbWidthC=CtbSizeY/SubWidthC

CtbHeightC=CtbSizeY/SubHeightC

For log 2BlockWidth ranging from 0 to 4 and for log 2BlockHeight ranging from 0 to 4, inclusive, the up-right diagonal scan order array initialization process as specified is invoked with 1<<log 2BlockWidth and 1<<log 2BlockHeight as inputs, and the output is assigned to DiagScanOrder[log 2BlockWidth][log 2BlockHeight]. For log 2BlockWidth ranging from 0 to 6 and for log 2BlockHeight ranging from 0 to 6, inclusive, the horizontal and vertical traverse scan order array initialization process as specified is invoked with 1<<log 2BlockWidth and 1<<log 2BlockHeight as inputs, and the output is assigned to HorTravScanOrder[log 2BlockWidth][log 2BlockHeight] and VerTravScanOrder[log 2BlockWidth][log 2BlockHeight]. sps_partition_constraints_override_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies the presence of ph_partition_constraints_override_flag in PHs referring to the SPS. sps_partition_constraints_override_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies the absence of ph_partition_constraints_override_flag in PHs referring to the SPS. sps_log 2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_intra_slice_luma specifies the default difference between the base 2 logarithm of the minimum size in luma samples of a luma leaf block resulting from quadtree splitting of a CTU and the base 2 logarithm of the minimum coding block size in luma samples for luma CUs in slices with sh_slice_type equal to 2 (I) referring to the SPS. When sps_partition_constraints_override_enabled_flag is equal to 1, the default difference can be overridden by ph_log 2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_luma present in PHs referring to the SPS. The value of sps_log 2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_intra_slice_luma shall be in the range of 0 to Min(6, Cbt Log 2 SizeY)−MinCb Log 2 SizeY, inclusive. The base 2 logarithm of the minimum size in luma samples of a luma leaf block resulting from quadtree splitting of a CTU is derived as follows:

MinQtLog 2 SizeIntraY=sps_log 2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_intra_slice_luma+MinCb Log 2 SizeY

sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_luma specifies the default maximum hierarchy depth for coding units resulting from multi-type tree splitting of a quadtree leaf in slices with sh_slice_type equal to 2 (I) referring to the SPS. When sps_partition_constraints_override_enabled_flag is equal to 1, the default maximum hierarchy depth can be overridden by ph_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_luma present in PHs referring to the SPS. The value of sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_luma shall be in the range of 0 to 2*(Cbt Log 2 SizeY−MinCb Log 2 SizeY), inclusive. sps_log 2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_intra_slice_luma specifies the default difference between the base 2 logarithm of the maximum size (width or height) in luma samples of a luma coding block that can be split using a binary split and the minimum size (width or height) in luma samples of a luma leaf block resulting from quadtree splitting of a CTU in slices with sh_slice_type equal to 2 (I) referring to the SPS. When sps_partition_constraints_override_enabled_flag is equal to 1, the default difference can be overridden by ph_log 2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_luma present in PHs referring to the SPS. The value of sps_log 2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_intra_slice_luma shall be in the range of 0 to (sps_qtbtt_dual_tree_intra_flag ? Min(6, Cbt Log 2 SizeY): Cbt Log 2 SizeY)−MinQtLog 2 SizeIntraY, inclusive. When sps_log 2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_intra_slice_luma is not present, the value of sps_log 2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_intra_slice_luma is inferred to be equal to 0. sps_log 2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_intra_slice_luma specifies the default difference between the base 2 logarithm of the maximum size (width or height) in luma samples of a luma coding block that can be split using a ternary split and the minimum size (width or height) in luma samples of a luma leaf block resulting from quadtree splitting of a CTU in slices with sh_slice_type equal to 2 (I) referring to the SPS. When sps_partition_constraints_override_enabled_flag is equal to 1, the default difference can be overridden by ph_log 2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_luma present in PHs referring to the SPS. The value of sps_log 2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_intra_slice_luma shall be in the range of 0 to Min(6, Cbt Log 2 SizeY)−MinQtLog 2 SizeIntraY, inclusive. When sps_log 2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_intra_slice_luma is not present, the value of sps_log 2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_intra_slice_luma is inferred to be equal to 0.

sps_log 2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_inter_slice specifies the default difference between the base 2 logarithm of the minimum size in luma samples of a luma leaf block resulting from quadtree splitting of a CTU and the base 2 logarithm of the minimum luma coding block size in luma samples for luma CUs in slices with sh_slice_type equal to 0 (B) or 1 (P) referring to the SPS. When sps_partition_constraints_override_enabled_flag is equal to 1, the default difference can be overridden by ph_log 2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_luma present in PHs referring to the SPS. The value of sps_log 2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_inter_slice shall be in the range of 0 to Min(6, Cbt Log 2 SizeY)−MinCb Log 2 SizeY, inclusive. The base 2 logarithm of the minimum size in luma samples of a luma leaf block resulting from quadtree splitting of a CTU is derived as follows:

MinQtLog 2 SizeInterY=sps_log 2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_inter_slice+MinCb Log 2 SizeY

sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_inter_slice specifies the default maximum hierarchy depth for coding units resulting from multi-type tree splitting of a quadtree leaf in slices with sh_slice_type equal to 0 (B) or 1 (P) referring to the SPS. When sps_partition_constraints_override_enabled_flag is equal to 1, the default maximum hierarchy depth can be overridden by ph_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_inter_slice present in PHs referring to the SPS. The value of sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_inter_slice shall be in the range of 0 to 2*(Cbt Log 2 SizeY−MinCb Log 2 SizeY), inclusive. sps_log 2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_inter_slice specifies the default difference between the base 2 logarithm of the maximum size (width or height) in luma samples of a luma coding block that can be split using a binary split and the minimum size (width or height) in luma samples of a luma leaf block resulting from quadtree splitting of a CTU in slices with sh_slice_type equal to 0 (B) or 1 (P) referring to the SPS. When sps_partition_constraints_override_enabled_flag is equal to 1, the default difference can be overridden by ph_log 2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_luma present in PHs referring to the SPS. The value of sps_log 2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_inter_slice shall be in the range of 0 to Cbt Log 2 SizeY−MinQtLog 2 SizeInterY, inclusive. When sps_log 2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_inter_slice is not present, the value of sps_log 2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_inter_slice is inferred to be equal to 0. sps_log 2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_inter_slice specifies the default difference between the base 2 logarithm of the maximum size (width or height) in luma samples of a luma coding block that can be split using a ternary split and the minimum size (width or height) in luma samples of a luma leaf block resulting from quadtree splitting of a CTU in slices with sh_slice_type equal to 0 (B) or 1 (P) referring to the SPS. When sps_partition_constraints_override_enabled_flag is equal to 1, the default difference can be overridden by ph_log 2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_luma present in PHs referring to the SPS. The value of sps_log 2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_inter_slice shall be in the range of 0 to Min(6, Cbt Log2SizeY)−MinQtLog2SizeInterY, inclusive. When sps_log 2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_inter_slice is not present, the value of sps_log 2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_inter_slice is inferred to be equal to 0. sps_log 2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_intra_slice_chroma specifies the default difference between the base 2 logarithm of the minimum size in luma samples of a chroma leaf block resulting from quadtree splitting of a chroma CTU with treeType equal to DUAL_TREE_CHROMA and the base 2 logarithm of the minimum coding block size in luma samples for chroma CUs with treeType equal to DUAL_TREE_CHROMA in slices with sh_slice_type equal to 2 (I) referring to the SPS. When sps_partition_constraints_override_enabled_flag is equal to 1, the default difference can be overridden by ph_log 2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_chroma present in PHs referring to the SPS. The value of sps_log 2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_intra_slice_chroma shall be in the range of 0 to Min(6, Cbt Log 2 SizeY)−MinCb Log 2 SizeY, inclusive. When not present, the value of sps_log 2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_intra_slice_chroma is inferred to be equal to 0. The base 2 logarithm of the minimum size in luma samples of a chroma leaf block resulting from quadtree splitting of a CTU with treeType equal to DUAL_TREE_CHROMA is derived as follows:

MinQtLog 2 SizeIntraC=sps_log 2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_intra_slice_chroma+MinCb Log 2 SizeY

sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_chroma specifies the default maximum hierarchy depth for chroma coding units resulting from multi-type tree splitting of a chroma quadtree leaf with treeType equal to DUAL_TREE_CHROMA in slices with sh_slice_type equal to 2 (I) referring to the SPS. When sps_partition_constraints_override_enabled_flag is equal to 1, the default maximum hierarchy depth can be overridden by ph_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_chroma present in PHs referring to the SPS. The value of sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_chroma shall be in the range of 0 to 2*(Cbt Log 2 SizeY−MinCb Log 2 SizeY), inclusive. When not present, the value of sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_chroma is inferred to be equal to 0. sps_log 2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_intra_slice_chroma specifies the default difference between the base 2 logarithm of the maximum size (width or height) in luma samples of a chroma coding block that can be split using a binary split and the minimum size (width or height) in luma samples of a chroma leaf block resulting from quadtree splitting of a chroma CTU with treeType equal to DUAL_TREE_CHROMA in slices with sh_slice_type equal to 2 (I) referring to the SPS. When sps_partition_constraints_override_enabled_flag is equal to 1, the default difference can be overridden by ph_log 2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_chroma present in PHs referring to the SPS. The value of sps_log 2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_intra_slice_chroma shall be in the range of 0 to Min(6, Cbt Log 2 SizeY)−MinQtLog 2 SizeIntraC, inclusive. When sps_log 2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_intra_slice_chroma is not present, the value of sps_log 2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_intra_slice_chroma is inferred to be equal to 0. sps_log 2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_intra_slice_chroma specifies the default difference between the base 2 logarithm of the maximum size (width or height) in luma samples of a chroma coding block that can be split using a ternary split and the minimum size (width or height) in luma samples of a chroma leaf block resulting from quadtree splitting of a chroma CTU with treeType equal to DUAL_TREE_CHROMA in slices with sh_slice_type equal to 2 (I) referring to the SPS. When sps_partition_constraints_override_enabled_flag is equal to 1, the default difference can be overridden by ph_log 2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_chroma present in PHs referring to the SPS. The value of sps_log 2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_intra_slice_chroma shall be in the range of 0 to Min(6, Cbt Log 2 SizeY)−MinQtLog 2 SizeIntraC, inclusive. When sps_log 2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_intra_slice_chroma is not present, the value of sps_log 2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_intra_slice_chroma is inferred to be equal to 0. sps_max_luma_transform_size_64_flag equal to 1 specifies that the maximum transform size in luma samples is equal to 64. sps_max_luma_transform_size_64_flag equal to 0 specifies that the maximum transform size in luma samples is equal to 32. When not present, the value of sps_max_luma_transform_size_64_flag is inferred to be equal to 0. The variables MinTbLog 2 SizeY, MaxTbLog 2 SizeY, MinTbSizeY, and MaxTbSizeY are derived as follows:

MinTbLog 2 SizeY=2

MaxTbLog 2 SizeY=sps_max_luma_transform_size_64_flag ?6: 5

MinTbSizeY=1<<MinTbLog 2 SizeY

MaxTbSizeY=1<<MaxTbLog 2 SizeY

sps_joint_cbcr_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that the joint coding of chroma residuals is disabled and not used in decoding of pictures in the CLVS. sps_joint_cbcr_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that the joint coding of chroma residuals is enabled and may be used in decoding of pictures in the CLVS. When not present, the value of spsjoint_cbcr_enabled_flag is inferred to be equal to 0. sps_same_qp_table_for_chroma_flag equal to 1 specifies that only one chroma QP mapping table is signalled and this table applies to Cb and Cr residuals and additionally to joint Cb-Cr residuals when spsjoint_cbcr_enabled_flag is equal to 1. sps_same_qp_table_for_chroma_flag equal to 0 specifies that chroma QP mapping tables, two for Cb and Cr, and one additional for joint Cb-Cr when sps_joint_cbcr_enabled_flag is equal to 1, are signalled in the SPS. When not present, the value of sps_same_qp_table_for_chroma_flag is inferred to be equal to 1. sps_qp_table_start_minus26[i] plus 26 specifies the starting luma and chroma QP used to describe the i-th chroma QP mapping table. The value of sps_qp_table_start_minus26[i] shall be in the range of −26−QpBdOffset to 36 inclusive. When not present, the value of sps_qp_table_start_minus26[i] is inferred to be equal to 0. sps_num_points_in_qp_table_minus1[i] plus 1 specifies the number of points used to describe the i-th chroma QP mapping table. The value of sps_num_points_in_qp_table_minus1 [i] shall be in the range of 0 to 63+QpBdOffset, inclusive. When not present, the value of sps_num_points_in_qp_table_minus1 [0] is inferred to be equal to 0. sps_delta_qp_in_val_minus1[i][j] specifies a delta value used to derive the input coordinate of the j-th pivot point of the i-th chroma QP mapping table. When not present, the value of sps_delta_qp_in_val_minus1[0][j] is inferred to be equal to 0. sps_delta_qp_diff_val[i][j] specifies a delta value used to derive the output coordinate of the j-th pivot point of the i-th chroma QP mapping table. The i-th chroma QP mapping table ChromaQpTable[I] for I=0 . . . numQpTables−1 is derived as follows:

qpInVal[ i ][ 0 ] = sps_qp_table_start_minus26[ i ] + 26 qpOutVal[ i ][ 0 ] = qpInVal[ i ][ 0 ] for( j = 0; j <= sps_num_points_in_qp_table_minus1[ i ]; j++ ) {  qpInVal[ i ][ j + 1 ] = qpInVal[ i ][ j ] +  sps_delta_qp_in_val_minus1[ i ][ j ] + 1  qpOutVal[ i ][ j + 1 ] = qpOutVal[ i ][ j ] +   ( sps_delta_qp_in_val_minus1[ i ][ j ] {circumflex over ( )} sps_delta_qp_diff_val[   i ][ j ] ) } ChromaQpTable[ i ][ qpInVal[ i ][ 0 ] ] = qpOutVal[ i ][ 0 ] for( k = qpInVal[ i ][ 0 ] − 1; k >= −QpBdOffset; k − − )  ChromaQpTable[ i ][ k ] = Clip3( −QpBdOffset, 63, ChromaQpTable[  i ][ k + 1 ] − 1 ) for( j = 0; j <= sps_num_points_in_qp_table_minus1[ i ]; j++ ) {  sh = ( sps_delta_qp_in_val_minus1[ i ][j ] + 1 ) >> 1  for( k = qpInVal[ i ][ j ] + 1, m = 1; k <= qpInval[ i ][ j + 1 ]; k++,  m++ )    ChromaQpTable[ i ][ k ] = ChromaQpTable[ i ][ qpInVal[ i ][ j    ] ] +     ( ( qpOutVal[ i ][j + 1] = qpOutVal[ i ][j ] ) * m + sh ) / ( sps_delta_qp_in_val_minus1[ i ][ j ] + 1 ) } for( k = qpInVal[ i ][ sps_num_points_in_qp_table_minus1[ i ] + 1 ] + 1; k <= 63; k++ )  ChromaQpTable[ i ][ k ] = Clip3( −QpBdOffset, 63, ChromaQpTable[ i ][ k − 1 ] + 1 ) When sps_same_qp_table_for_chroma_flag is equal to 1, ChromaQpTable[1][k] and ChromaQpTable[2][k] are set equal to ChromaQpTable[0][k] for k in the range of −QpBdOffset to 63, inclusive. It is a requirement of bitstream conformance that the values of qpInVal[i][j] and qpOutVal[i][j] shall be in the range of −QpBdOffset to 63, inclusive for i in the range of 0 to numQpTables−1, inclusive, and j in the range of 0 to sps_num_points_in_qp_table_minus1[i]+1, inclusive. sps_sao_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that the sample adaptive offset process is enabled and may be applied to the reconstructed picture after the deblocking filter process for the CLVS. sps_sao_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that the sample adaptive offset process is disabled and not applied to the reconstructed picture after the deblocking filter process for the CLVS. sps_alf_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that the adaptive loop filter is disabled and not applied in decoding of pictures in the CLVS. sps_alf_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that the adaptive loop filter is enabled and may be applied in decoding of pictures in the CLVS. sps_ccalf_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that the cross-component adaptive loop filter is disabled and not applied in decoding of pictures in the CLVS. sps_ccalf_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that the cross-component adaptive loop filter is enabled and may be applied in decoding of pictures in the CLVS. When not present, the value of sps_ccalf_enabled_flag is inferred to be equal to 0. sps_transform_skip_enabled_flag equa to 1 specifies that transform_skip_flag may be present in the transform unit syntax. sps_transform_skip_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that transform_skip_flag is not present in the transform unit syntax. sps_log 2_transform_skip_max_size_minus2 specifies the maximum block size used for transform skip, and shall be in the range of 0 to 3, inclusive. The variable MaxTsSize is set equal to 1<<(sps_log 2_transform_skip_max_size_minus2+2). sps_bdpcm_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that intra_bdpcm_luma_flag and intra_bdpcm_chroma_flag may be present in the coding unit syntax for intra coding units. sps_bdpcm_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that intra_bdpcm_luma_flag and intra_bdpcm_chroma_flag are not present in the coding unit syntax for intra coding units. When not present, the value of sps_bdpcm_enabled_flag is inferred to be equal to 0. sps_weighted_pred_flag equal to 1 specifies that weighted prediction may be applied to P slices referring to the SPS. sps_weighted_pred_flag equal to 0 specifies that weighted prediction is not applied to P slices referring to the SPS. sps_weighted_bipred_flag equal to 1 specifies that explicit weighted prediction may be applied to B slices referring to the SPS. sps_weighted_bipred_flag equal to 0 specifies that explicit weighted prediction is not applied to B slices referring to the SPS. sps_long_term_ref_pics_flag equal to 0 specifies that no LTRP is used for inter prediction of any coded picture in the CLVS. sps_long_term_ref_pics_flag equal to 1 specifies that LTRPs may be used for inter prediction of one or more coded pictures in the CLVS. sps_inter_layer_ref_pics_present_flag equal to 0 specifies that no ILRP is used for inter prediction of any coded picture in the CLVS. sps_inter_layer_ref_pics_present_flag equal to 1 specifies that ILRPs may be used for inter prediction of one or more coded pictures in the CLVS. When sps_video_parameter_set_id is equal to 0, the value of sps_inter_layer_ref_pics_present_flag is inferred to be equal to 0. When vps_independent_layer_flag[GeneralLayerIdx[nuh_layer_id]] is equal to 1, the value of sps_inter_layer_ref_pics_present_flag shall be equal to 0. sps_idr_rpl_present_flag equal to 1 specifies that reference picture list syntax elements are present in slice headers of IDR pictures. sps_idr_rpl_present_flag equal to 0 specifies that reference picture list syntax elements are not present in slice headers of IDR pictures. sps_rp11_same_as_rp10_flag equal to 1 specifies that the syntax element sps_num_ref_pic_lists[1] and the syntax structure ref_pic_list_struct(1, rplsIdx) are not present and the following applies:

-   -   The value of sps_num_ref_pic_lists[1] is inferred to be equal to         the value of sps_num_ref_pic_lists[0].     -   The value of each of syntax elements in ref_pic_list_struct(1,         rplsIdx) is inferred to be equal to the value of corresponding         syntax element in ref_pic_list_struct(0, rplsIdx) for rplsIdx         ranging from 0 to sps_num_ref_pic_lists[0]−1.         sps_num_ref_pic_lists[i] specifies the number of the         ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structures with         listIdx equal to i included in the SPS. The value of         sps_num_ref_pic_lists[i] shall be in the range of 0 to 64,         inclusive.     -   NOTE —For each value of listIdx (equal to 0 or 1), a decoder         should allocate memory for a total number of         sps_num_ref_pic_lists[i]+1 ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx)         syntax structures since there may be one         ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structure directly         signalled in the slice headers of a current picture.         sps_ref_wraparound_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that         horizontal wrap-around motion compensation is enabled and may be         applied in inter prediction when decoding pictures in the CLVS.         sps_ref_wraparound_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that         horizontal wrap-around motion compensation is disabled and not         applied in inter prediction when decoding pictures in the CLVS.         It is a requirement of bitstream conformance that, when there is         one or more values of i in the range of 0 to         sps_num_subpics_minus1, inclusive, for which         sps_subpic_treated_as_pic_flag[i] is equal to 1 and         sps_subpic_width_minus1[i] plus 1 is not equal to         (sps_pic_width_max_in_luma_samples+CtbSizeY−1)>>Cbt Log 2         SizeY), the value of sps_ref_wraparound_enabled_flag shall be         equal to 0.         sps_temporal_mvp_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that temporal         motion vector predictors are enabled and may be used in decoding         of pictures in the CLVS. sps_temporal_mvp_enabled_flag equal to         0 specifies that temporal motion vector predictors are disabled         and not used in decoding of pictures in the CLVS.         sps_sbtmvp_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that subblock-based         temporal motion vector predictors are enabled and may be used in         decoding of pictures with all slices having sh_slice_type not         equal to I in the CLVS. sps_sbtmvp_enabled_flag equal to 0         specifies that subblock-based temporal motion vector predictors         are disabled and not used in decoding of pictures in the CLVS.         When sps_sbtmvp_enabled_flag is not present, it is inferred to         be equal to 0.         sps_amvr_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that adaptive motion         vector difference resolution is enabled and may be used in         motion vector coding in decoding of pictures in the CVLS.         amvr_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that adaptive motion         vector difference resolution is disabled and not used in motion         vector coding in decoding of pictures in the CLVS.         sps_bdof_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that the         bi-directional optical flow inter prediction is disabled and not         used in decoding of pictures in the CLVS. sps_bdof_enabled_flag         equal to 1 specifies that the bi-directional optical flow inter         prediction is enabled and may be used in decoding of pictures in         the CLVS.         sps_bdof_control_present_in_ph_flag equal to 1 specifies that         ph_bdof_disabled_flag is present in PHs referring to the SPS.         sps_bdof_control_present_in_ph_flag equal to 0 specifies that         ph_bdof_disabled_flag is not present in PHs referring to the         SPS. When sps_bdof_control_present_in_ph_flag is not present,         the value of sps_bdof_control_present_in_ph_flag is inferred to         be equal to 0.         sps_smvd_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that symmetric motion         vector difference is enabled may be used in motion vector         decoding in decoding of pictures in the CLVS.         sps_smvd_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that symmetric motion         vector difference is disabled and not used in motion vector         coding in decoding of pictures in the CLVS.         sps_dmvr_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that decoder motion         vector refinement based inter bi-prediction is enabled and may         be used in decoding of pictures in the CLVS.         sps_dmvr_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that decoder motion         vector refinement based inter bi-prediction is disabled and not         used in decoding of pictures in the CLVS.         sps_dmvr_control_present_in_ph_flag equal to 1 specifies that         ph_dmvr_disabled_flag is present in PHs referring to the SPS.         sps_dmvr_control_present_in_ph_flag equal to 0 specifies that         ph_dmvr_disabled_flag is not present in PHs referring to the         SPS. When sps_dmvr_control_present_in_ph_flag is not present,         the value of sps_dmvr_control_present_in_ph_flag is inferred to         be equal to 0.         sps_mmvd_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that merge mode with         motion vector difference is enabled and may be used in decoding         of pictures in the CLVS. sps_mmvd_enabled_flag equal to 0         specifies that merge mode with motion vector difference is         disabled and not used in in decoding of pictures in the CLVS.         sps_six_minus_max_num_merge_cand specifies the maximum number of         merging motion vector prediction (MVP) candidates supported in         the SPS subtracted from 6. The value of         sps_six_minus_max_num_merge_cand shall be in the range of 0 to         5, inclusive.         The maximum number of merging MVP candidates, MaxNumMergeCand,         is derived as follows:

MaxNumMergeCand=6−sps_six_minus_max_num_merge_cand

sps_sbt_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that subblock transform for inter-predicted CUs is disabled and not used in decoding of pictures in the CLVS. sps_sbt_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that subblock transform for inter-predicteds CU is enabled and may be used in decoding of pictures in the CLVS. sps_affine_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that affine model based motion compensation is disabled and not used in decoding of pictures in the CLVS and inter_affine_flag and cu_affine_type_flag are not present in the coding unit syntax of the CLVS. sps_affine_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that affine model based motion compensation is enabled and may be used in decoding of pictures in the CLVS and inter_affine_flag and cu_affine_type_flag may be present in the coding unit syntax of the CLVS. sps_five_minus_max_num_subblock_merge_cand specifies the maximum number of subblock-based merging motion vector prediction candidates supported in the SPS subtracted from 5. The value of sps_five_minus_max_num_subblock_merge_cand shall be in the range of 0 to 5−sps_sbtmvp_enabled_flag, inclusive. sps_afflne_type_flag specifies whether 6-parameter affine model based motion compensation can be used for inter prediction. If sps_affine_type_flag is equal to 0, the syntax shall be constrained such that no 6-parameter affine model based motion compensation is used in the CLVS, and cu_affine_type_flag is not present in coding unit syntax in the CLVS. Otherwise (sps_affine_type_flag is equal to 1), 6-parameter affine model based motion compensation can be used in the CLVS. When not present, the value of sps_affine_type_flag is inferred to be equal to 0. sps_afflne_amvr_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that adaptive motion vector difference resolution is enabled and may be used in motion vector coding of affine inter mode in decoding of pictures in the CLVS. sps_affine_amvr_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that adaptive motion vector difference resolution is disabled and not used in motion vector coding of affine inter mode in decoding of pictures in the CLVS. When not present, the value of sps_affine_amvr_enabled_flag is inferred to be equal to 0. sps_afflne_prof_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that the affine motion compensation refined with optical flow is disabled and not used in decoding of pictures in the CLVS. sps_affine_prof_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that the affine motion compensation refined with optical flow is enabled and may be used in decoding of pictures in the CLVS. When not present, the value of sps_affine_prof_enabled_flag is inferred to be equal to 0. sps_prof_control_present_in_ph_flag equal to 1 specifies that ph_prof_disabled_flag is present in PHs referring to the SPS. sps_prof_control_present_in_ph_flag equal to 0 specifies that ph_prof_disabled_flag is not present in PHs referring to the SPS. When sps_prof_control_present_in_ph_flag is not present, the value of sps_prof_control_present_in_ph_flag is inferred to be equal to 0. sps_bcw_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that bi-prediction with CU weights is disabled and not used in decoding of pictures in the CLVS and bcw_idx is not present in the coding unit syntax of the CLVS. sps_bcw_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that bi-prediction with CU weights is enabled and may be used in decoding of pictures in the CLVS and bcw_idx may be present in the coding unit syntax of the CLVS. sps_ciip_enabled_flag specifies that ciip_flag may be present in the coding unit syntax for inter coding units. sps_ciip_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that ciip_flag is not present in the coding unit syntax for inter coding units. sps_mmvd_fullpel_only_flag equal to 1 specifies that merge mode with motion vector difference uses integer sample precision. sps_mmvd_fullpel_only_flag equal to 0 specifies that merge mode with motion vector difference may use fractional sample precision. When not present, the value of sps_mmvd_fullpel_only_flag is inferred to be equal to 0. sps_gpm_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that geometric partition based motion compensation is disabled and not used in decoding of pictures in the CLVS and merge_gpm_partition_idx, merge_gpm_idx0, and merge_gpm_idx1 are not present in the coding unit syntax of the CLVS. sps_gpm_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that geometric partition based motion compensation is enabled and may be used in decoding of pictures in the CLVS and merge_gpm_partition_idx, merge_gpm_idx0, and merge_gpm_idx1 may be present in the coding unit syntax of the CLVS. When not present, the value of sps_gpm_enabled_flag is inferred to be equal to 0. sps_max_num_merge_cand_minus_max_num_gpm_cand specifies the maximum number of geometric partitioning merge mode candidates supported in the SPS subtracted from MaxNumMergeCand. The value of sps_max_num_merge_cand_minus_max_num_gpm_cand shall be in the range of 0 to MaxNumMergeCand −2, inclusive.

The maximum number of geometric partitioning merge mode candidates, MaxNumGpmMergeCand, is derived as follows:

if( sps_gpm_enabled_flag && MaxNumMergeCand >= 3 )  MaxNumGpmMergeCand = MaxNumMergeCand −   sps_max_num_merge_cand_minus_max_num_gpm_cand else if( sps_gpm_enabled_flag && MaxNumMergeCand = = 2 )  MaxNumGpmMergeCand = 2 else  MaxNumGpmMergeCand = 0 sps_log 2_parallel_merge_level_minus2 plus 2 specifies the value of the variable Log 2 ParMrgLevel, which is used in the derivation process for spatial merging candidates as specified, the derivation process for motion vectors and reference indices in subblock merge mode as specified, and to control the invocation of the updating process for the history-based motion vector predictor list. The value of sps_log 2_parallel_merge_level_minus2 shall be in the range of 0 to Cbt Log 2 SizeY−2, inclusive. The variable Log 2 ParMrgLevel is derived as follows:

Log 2 ParMrgLevel=sps_log 2_parallel_merge_level_minus2+2

sps_isp_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that intra prediction with subpartitions is enabled and may be used in decoding of pictures in the CLVS. sps_isp_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that intra prediction with subpartitions is disabled and not used in decoding of pictures in the CLVS. sps_mrl_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that intra prediction with multiple reference lines is enabled and may be used in decoding of pictures in the CLVS. sps_mrl_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that intra prediction with multiple reference lines is disabled and not used in decoding of pictures in the CLVS. sps_mip_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that matrix-based intra prediction is enabled and may be used in decoding of pictures in the CLVS. sps_mip_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that matrix-based intra prediction is disabled and not used in decoding of pictures in the CLVS. sps_cclm_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that the cross-component linear model intra prediction from luma component to chroma component is disabled and not used in decoding of pictures in the CLVS. sps_cclm_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that the cross-component linear model intra prediction from luma component to chroma component is enabled and may be used in decoding of pictures in the CLVS. When sps_cclm_enabled_flag is not present, it is inferred to be equal to 0. sps_chroma_horizontal_collocated_flag equal to 1 specifies that prediction processes operate in a manner designed for chroma sample positions that are not horizontally shifted relative to corresponding luma sample positions. sps_chroma_horizontal_collocated_flag equal to 0 specifies that prediction processes operate in a manner designed for chroma sample positions that are shifted to the right by 0.5 in units of luma samples relative to corresponding luma sample positions. When sps_chroma_horizontal_collocated_flag is not present, it is inferred to be equal to 1. sps_chroma_vertical_collocated_flag equal to 1 specifies that prediction processes operate in a manner designed for chroma sample positions that are not vertically shifted relative to corresponding luma sample positions. sps_chroma_vertical_collocated_flag equal to 0 specifies that prediction processes operate in a manner designed for chroma sample positions that are shifted downward by 0.5 in units of luma samples relative to corresponding luma sample positions. When sps_chroma_vertical_collocated_flag is not present, it is inferred to be equal to 1. sps_mts_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that sps_explicit_mts_intra_enabled_flag and sps_explicit_mts_inter_enabled_flag are present in the SPS. sps_mts_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that sps_explicit_mts_intra_enabled_flag and sps_explicit_mts_inter_enabled_flag are not present in the SPS. sps_explicit_mts_intra_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that mts_idx may be present in the intra coding unit syntax of the CLVS. sps_explicit_mts_intra_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that mts_idx is not present in the intra coding unit syntax of the CLVS. When not present, the value of sps_explicit_mts_intra_enabled_flag is inferred to be equal to 0. sps_explicit_mts_inter_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that mts_idx may be present in the inter coding unit syntax of the CLVS. sps_explicit_mts_inter_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that mts_idx is not present in the inter coding unit syntax of the CLVS. When not present, the value of sps_explicit_mts_inter_enabled_flag is inferred to be equal to 0. sps_palette_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that pred_mode_plt_flag may be present in the coding unit syntax of the CLVS. sps_palette_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that pred_mode_plt_flag is not present in the coding unit syntax of the CLVS. When sps_palette_enabled_flag is not present, it is inferred to be equal to 0. sps_act_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that adaptive colour transform is enabled and may be used in decoding of pictures in the CLVS and the cu_act_enabled_flag may be present in the coding unit syntax of the CLVS. sps_act_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that adaptive colour transform is disabled and not used in decoding of pictures in the CLVS and cu_act_enabled_flag is not present in the coding unit syntax of the CLVS. When sps_act_enabled_flag is not present, it is inferred to be equal to 0. sps_internal_bit_depth_minus_input_bit_depth specifies the minimum allowed quantization parameter for transform skip mode as follows:

QpPrimeTsMin=4+6*sps_internal_bit_depth_minus_input_bit_depth

The value of sps_internal_bit_depth_minus_input_bit_depth shall be in the range of 0 to 8, inclusive. sps_ibc_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that the IBC prediction mode is enabled and may be used in decoding of pictures in the CLVS. sps_ibc_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that the IBC prediction mode is disabled and not used in decoding of pictures in the CLVS. When sps_ibc_enabled_flag is not present, it is inferred to be equal to 0. sps_six_minus_max_num_ibc_merge_cand, when sps_ibc_enabled_flag is equal to 1, specifies the maximum number of IBC merging block vector prediction (BVP) candidates supported in the SPS subtracted from 6. The value of sps_six_minus_max_num_ibc_merge_cand shall be in the range of 0 to 5, inclusive. The maximum number of IBC merging BVP candidates, MaxNumIbcMergeCand, is derived as follows:

if( sps_ibc_enabled_flag )  MaxNumIbcMergeCand = 6 −  sps_six_minus_max_num_ibc_merge_cand else  MaxNumIbcMergeCand = 0 sps_lmcs_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that luma mapping with chroma scaling is enabled and may be used in decoding of pictures in the CLVS. sps_lmcs_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that luma mapping with chroma scaling is disabled and not used in decoding of pictures in the CLVS. sps_lfnst_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that lfnst_idx may be present in intra coding unit syntax. sps_lfnst_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that lfnst_idx is not present in intra coding unit syntax. sps_ladf_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that sps_num_ladf_intervals_minus2, sps_ladf_lowest_interval_qp_offset, sps_ladf_qp_offset[i], and sps_ladf_delta_threshold_minus1[i] are present in the SPS. sps_ladf_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that sps_num_ladf_intervals_minus2, sps_ladf_lowest_interval_qp_offset, sps_ladf_qp_offset[i], and sps_ladf_delta_threshold_minus1[i] are not present in the SPS. sps_num_ladf_intervals_minus2 plus 2 specifies the number of sps_ladf_delta_threshold_minus1[i] and sps_ladf_qp_offset[i] syntax elements that are present in the SPS. The value of sps_num_ladf_intervals_minus2 shall be in the range of 0 to 3, inclusive. sps_ladf_lowest_interval_qp_offset specifies the offset used to derive the variable qP as specified. The value of sps_ladf_lowest_interval_qp_offset shall be in the range of −63 to 63, inclusive. sps_ladf_qp_offset[i] specifies the offset array used to derive the variable qP as specified. The value of sps_ladf_qp_offset[i] shall be in the range of −63 to 63, inclusive. sps_ladf_delta_threshold_minus1[i] is used to compute the values of SpsLadflntervalLowerBound[i], which specifies the lower bound of the i-th luma intensity level interval. The value of sps_ladf_delta_threshold_minus1 [i]shall be in the range of 0 to 2^(BitDepth)−3, inclusive. The value of SpsLadflntervalLowerBound[0] is set equal to 0. For each value of i in the range of 0 to sps_num_ladf_intervals_minus2, inclusive, the variable SpsLadflntervalLowerBound[i+1] is derived as follows:

SpsLadflntervalLowerBound[i+1]=SpsLadflntervalLowerBound[i]+sps_ladf_delta_threshold_minus1[i]+1

sps_explicit_scaling_list_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that the use of an explicit scaling list, which is signalled in a scaling list APS, in the scaling process for transform coefficients when decoding a slice is enabled for the CLVS. sps_explicit_scaling_list_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that the use of an explicit scaling list in the scaling process for transform coefficients when decoding a slice is disabled for the CLVS. sps_scaling_matrix_for_lfnst_disabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that scaling matrices are disabled and not applied to blocks coded with LFNST for the CLVS. sps_scaling_matrix_for_lfnst_disabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that the scaling matrices is enabled and may be applied to blocks coded with LFNST for the CLVS. When not present, the value of sps_scaling_matrix_for_lfnst_disabled_flag is inferred to be equal to 1. sps_scaling_matrix_for_alternative_colour_space_disabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that for the CLVS scaling matrices are disabled and not applied to blocks when the colour space of the blocks is not equal to the designated colour space of scaling matrix. sps_scaling_matrix_for_alternative_colour_space_disabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that for the CLVS scaling matrices are enabled and may be applied to the blocks when the colour space of the blocks is equal to the designated colour space of scaling matrices. When not present, the value of sps_scaling_matrix_for_alternative_colour_sapce_disabled_flag is inferred to be equal to 0. sps_scaling_matrix_designated_colour_space_flag equal to 1 specifies that the designated colour space of scaling matrices is the original colour space. sps_scaling_matrix_designated_colour_space_flag equal to 0 specifies that the designated colour space of scaling matrices is the transformed colour space. When not present, the value of sps_scaling_matrix_designated_colour_space_flag is inferred to be equal to 1. sps_dep_quant_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that dependent quantization is disabled and not used for pictures referring to the SPS. sps_dep_quant_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that dependent quantization is enabled and may be used for pictures referring to the SPS. sps_sign_data_hiding_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that sign bit hiding is disabled and not used for pictures referring to the SPS. sps_sign_data_hiding_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that sign bit hiding is enabled and may be used for pictures referring to the SPS. When sps_sign_data_hiding_enabled_flag is not present, it is inferred to be equal to 0. sps_virtual_boundaries_enabled_flag equal to 1 specifies that disabling in-loop filtering across virtual boundaries is enabled and may be applied in the coded pictures in the CLVS. sps_virtual_boundaries_enabled_flag equal to 0 specifies that disabling in-loop filtering across virtual boundaries is disabled and not applied in the coded pictures in the CLVS. In-loop filtering operations include the deblocking filter, sample adaptive offset filter, and adaptive loop filter operations. sps_virtual_boundaries_present_flag equal to 1 specifies that information of virtual boundaries is signalled in the SPS. sps_virtual_boundaries_present_flag equal to 0 specifies that information of virtual boundaries is not signalled in the SPS. When there is one or more than one virtual boundaries signalled in the SPS, the in-loop filtering operations are disabled across the virtual boundaries in pictures referring to the SPS. In-loop filtering operations include the deblocking filter, sample adaptive offset filter, and adaptive loop filter operations. It is a requirement of bitstream conformance that when the value of sps_res_change_in_clvs_allowed_flag is equal to 1, the value of sps_virtual_boundaries_present_flag shall be equal to 0. sps_num_ver_virtual_boundaries specifies the number of sps_virtual_boundary_pos_x[i] syntax elements that are present in the SPS. When sps_num_ver_virtual_boundaries is not present, it is inferred to be equal to 0. sps_virtual_boundary_pos_x[i] specifies the location of the i-th vertical virtual boundary in units of luma samples divided by 8. The value of sps_virtual_boundary_pos_x[i] shall be in the range of 1 to Ceil(sps_pic_width_max_in_luma_samples+8)−1, inclusive. sps_num_hor_virtual_boundaries specifies the number of sps_virtual_boundary_pos_y[i] syntax elements that are present in the SPS. When sps_num_hor_virtual_boundaries is not present, it is inferred to be equal to 0. When sps_virtual_boundaries_enabled_flag is equal to 1 and sps_virtual_boundaries_present_flag is equal to 1, the sum of sps_num_ver_virtual_boundaries and sps_num_hor_virtual_boundaries shall be greater than 0. sps_virtual_boundary_pos_y[i] specifies the location of the i-th horizontal virtual boundary in units of luma samples divided by 8. The value of sps_virtual_boundary_pos_y[i] shall be in the range of 1 to Ceil(sps_pic_height_max_in_luma_samples+8)−1, inclusive. sps_general_hrd_params_present_flag equal to 1 specifies that the SPS contains a general_hrd_parameters( ) syntax structure and an ols_hrd_parameters( ) syntax structure. sps_general_hrd_params_present_flag equal to 0 specifies that the SPS does not contain a general_hrd_parameters( ) syntax structure or an ols_hrd_parameters( ) syntax structure. sps_sublayer_cpb_params_present_flag equal to 1 specifies that the ols_hrd_parameters( ) syntax structure in the SPS includes HRD parameters for sublayer representations with TemporalId in the range of 0 to sps_max_sublayers_minus1, inclusive. sps_sublayer_cpb_params_present_flag equal to 0 specifies that the ols_hrd_parameters( ) syntax structure in the SPS includes HRD parameters for the sublayer representation with TemporalId equal to sps_max_sublayers_minus1 only. When sps_max_sublayers_minus1 is equal to 0, the value of sps_sublayer_cpb_params_present_flag is inferred to be equal to 0. When sps_sublayer_cpb_params_present_flag is equal to 0, the HRD parameters for the sublayer representations with TemporalId in the range of 0 to sps_max_sublayers_minus1−1, inclusive, are inferred to be the same as that for the sublayer representation with TemporalId equal to sps_max_sublayers_minus1. These include the HRD parameters starting from the fixed_pic_rate_general_flag[i] syntax element till the sublayer_hrd_parameters(i) syntax structure immediately under the condition “if(general_vcl_hrd_params_present_flag)” in the ols_hrd_parameters syntax structure. sps_field_seq_flag equal to 1 indicates that the CLVS conveys pictures that represent fields. sps_field_seq_flag equal to 0 indicates that the CLVS conveys pictures that represent frames. When general_frame_only_constraint_flag is equal to 1, the value of sps_field_seq_flag shall be equal to 0. When sps_field_seq_flag is equal to 1, a frame-field information SEI message shall be present for every coded picture in the CLVS.

-   -   NOTE—The specified decoding process does not treat pictures that         represent fields or frames differently. A sequence of pictures         that represent fields would therefore be coded with the picture         dimensions of an individual field. For example, pictures that         represent 1080i fields would commonly have cropped output         dimensions of 1920×540, while the sequence picture rate would         commonly express the rate of the source fields (typically         between 50 and 60 Hz), instead of the source frame rate         (typically between 25 and 30 Hz).         sps_vui_parameters_present_flag equal to 1 specifies that the         syntax structure vui_parameters( ) is present in the SPS RBSP         syntax structure. sps_vui_parameters_present_flag equal to 0         specifies that the syntax structure vui_parameters( ) is not         present in the SPS RBSP syntax structure.         sps_extension_flag equal to 0 specifies that no         sps_extension_data_flag syntax elements are present in the SPS         RBSP syntax structure. sps_extension_flag equal to 1 specifies         that there are sps_extension_data_flag syntax elements present         in the SPS RBSP syntax structure.         sps_extension_data_flag may have any value. Its presence and         value do not affect decoder conformance to profiles specified in         this version of this Specification. Decoders conforming to this         version of this Specification shall ignore all         sps_extension_data_flag syntax elements.

As provided in Table 2, a NAL unit may include a decoding_capability_information (DCI) syntax structure. Table 5 illustrates the syntax structure of the decoding capability information provided in JVET-R2001.

TABLE 5 Descriptor decoding_capability_information_rbsp( ) {  dci_reserved_zero_4bits u(4)  dci_num_ptls_minus1 u(4)  for( i = 0; i <= dci_num_ptls_minus1; i++ )   profile_tier_level( 1, 0 )  dci_extension_flag u(1)  if( dci_extension_flag )   while ( more_rbsp_data( ) )    dci_extension_data_flag u(1)  rbsp_trailing_bits( ) }

With respect to Table 5, JVET-R2001 provides the following semantics:

A DCI RBSP may be made available to the decoder, through either being present in the bitstream, included in at least the first AU of the bitstream, or provided through external means.

-   -   NOTE—The information contained in the DCI RBSP is not necessary         for operation of the decoding process specified in this         Specification.         When present, all DCI NAL units in a bitstream shall have the         same content.         dci_reserved_zero_4bits shall be equal to 0 in bitstreams         conforming to this version of this Specification. The values         greater than 0 for dci_reserved_zero_4bits are reserved for         future use by ITU-T I ISO/IEC.         dci_num_ptls_minus1 plus 1 specifies the number of         profile_tier_level( ) syntax structures in the DCI NAL unit. The         value of dci_num_ptls_minus1 shall be in the range of 0 to 14,         inclusive. The value 15 for dci_num_ptls_minus1 is reserved for         future use by ITU-T I ISO/IEC.         It is a requirement of bitstream conformance that each OLS in a         CVS in the bitstream shall conforms to at least one of the         profile_tier_level( ) syntax structures in the DCI NAL unit.     -   NOTE—The DCI NAL unit may include PTL information, possibly         carried in multiple profile_tier_level( ) syntax structures,         that applies collectively to multiple OLSs, and does not need to         include PTL information for each of the OLSs individually.         dci_extension_flag equal to 0 specifies that no         dci_extension_data_flag syntax elements are present in the DCI         RBSP syntax structure. dci_extension_flag equal to 1 specifies         that there are dci_extension_data_flag syntax elements present         in the DCI RBSP syntax structure.         dci_extension_data_flag may have any value. Its presence and         value do not affect decoder conformance to profiles specified.         Decoders conforming to this version of this Specification shall         ignore all dci_extension_data_flag syntax elements.

As provided in Table 3, Table 4, and Table 5 a VPS, a SPS, and a DCI may include a profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure. Table 6 illustrates the profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure provided in JVET-R2001.

TABLE 6 Descriptor profile_tier_level( profileTierPresentFlag, maxNumSubLayersMinus1 ) {  if( profileTierPresentFlag ) {   general_profile_idc u(7)   general_tier_flag u(1)   general_constraint_info( )  }  general_level_idc u(8)  if( profileTierPresentFlag ) {   ptl_num_sub_profiles u(8)   for( i = 0; i < num_sub_profiles; i++ )    general_sub_profile_idc[ i ] u(32)  }  for( i = 0; i < maxNumSubLayersMinus1; i++ )   ptl_sublayer_level_present_flag[ i ] u(1)  while( !byte_aligned( ) )   ptl_alignment_zero_bit f(1)  for( i = 0; i < maxNumSubLayersMinus1; i++ )   if( sublayer_level_present_flag[ i ] )    sublayer_level_idc[ i ] u(8) }

With respect to Table 6, JVET-R2001 provides the following semantics:

A profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure provides level information and, optionally, profile, tier, sub-profile, and general constraints information. When the profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure is included in a VPS, the OlsInScope is one or more OLSs specified by the VPS. When the profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure is included in an SPS, the OlsInScope is the OLS that includes only the layer that is the lowest layer among the layers that refer to the SPS, and this lowest layer is an independent layer. general_profile_ide indicates a profile to which OlsInScope conforms as specified. Bitstreams shall not contain values of general_profile_idc other than those specified. Other values of general_profile_idc are reserved for future use by ITU-T I ISO/JEC. general_tier_flag specifies the tier context for the interpretation of general_level_idc as specified. general_level_ide indicates a level to which OlsInScope conforms as specified. Bitstreams shall not contain values of general_level_idc other than those specified. Other values of general_level_idc are reserved for future use by ITU-T|ISO/JEC.

-   -   NOTE—A greater value of general_level_idc indicates a higher         level. The maximum level signalled in the DCI NAL unit for         OlsInScope may be higher than but cannot be lower than the level         signalled in the SPS for a CLVS contained within OlsInScope.     -   NOTE—When OlsInScope conforms to multiple profiles,         general_profile_idc should indicate the profile that provides         the preferred decoded result or the preferred bitstream         identification, as determined by the encoder (in a manner not         specified in this Specification).     -   NOTE—When the CVSs of OlsInScope conform to different profiles,         multiple profile_tier_level( ) syntax structures may be included         in the DCI NAL unit such that for each CVS of the OlsInScope         there is at least one set of indicated profile, tier, and level         for a decoder that is capable of decoding the CVS.         ptl_num_sub_profiles specifies the number of the         general_sub_profile_idc[i] syntax elements.         general_sub_profile_idc[i] indicates the i-th interoperability         metadata registered as specified by Rec. ITU-T T.35, the         contents of which are not specified in this Specification.         ptl_sublayer_level_present_flag[i] equal to 1 specifies that         level information is present in the profile_tier_level( ) syntax         structure for the sublayer representation with TemporalId equal         to i. sublayer_level_present_flag[i] equal to 0 specifies that         level information is not present in the profile_tier_level( )         syntax structure for the sublayer representation with TemporalId         equal to i.         ptl_alignment_zero_bits shall be equal to 0.         The semantics of the syntax element sublayer_level_idc[i] is,         apart from the specification of the inference of not present         values, the same as the syntax element general_level_idc, but         apply to the sublayer representation with TemporalId equal to i.         When not present, the value of sublayer_level_idc[i] is inferred         as follows:     -   sublayer_level_idc[maxNumSubLayersMinus1] is inferred to be         equal to general_level_idc of the same profile_tier_level( )         structure,     -   For i from maxNumSubLayersMinus1−1 to 0 (in decreasing order of         values of i), inclusive, sublayer_level_idc[i] is inferred to be         equal to sublayer_level_idc[i+1].

As provided in Table 6, a profile_tier_level( )syntax structure may include includes general_constraint_info( ) syntax structure. Table 7 illustrates the general_constraint_info( ) syntax structure provided in JVET-R2001

TABLE 7 Descriptor general_constraint_info( ) {  general_non_packed_constraint_flag u(1)  general_frame_only_constraint_flag u(1)  general_non_projected_constraint_flag u(1)  general_one_picture_only_constraint_flag u(1)  intra_only_constraint_flag u(l)  max_bitdepth_constraint_idc u(4)  max_chroma_format_constraint_idc u(2)  single_layer_constraint_flag u(1)  all_layers_independent_constraint_flag u(1)  no_ref_pic_resampling_constraint_flag u(1)  no_res_change_in_clvs_constraint_flag u(1)  one_tile_per_pic_constraint_flag u(1)  pic_header_in_slice_header_constraint_flag u(1)  one_slice_per_pic_constraint_flag u(1)  one_subpic_per_pic_constraint_flag u(1)  no_qtbtt_dual_tree_intra_constraint_flag u(1)  no_partition_constraints_override_constraint_flag u(1)  no_sao_constraint_flag u(1)  no_alf_constraint_flag u(1)  no_ccalf_constraint_flag u(1)  no_joint_cber_constraint_flag u(1)  no_mrl_constraint_flag u(1)  no_isp_constraint_flag u(1)  no_mip_constraint_flag u(1)  no_ref_wraparound_constraint_flag u(1)  no_temporal_mvp_constraint_flag u(1)  no_sbtmvp_constraint_flag u(1)  no_amvr_constraint_flag u(1)  no_bdof_constraint_flag u(1)  no_dmvr_constraint_flag u(1)  no_cclm_constraint_flag u(1)  no_mts_constraint_flag u(1)  no_sbt_constraint_flag u(1)  no_lfnst_constraint_flag u(1)  no_affine_motion_constraint_flag u(1)  no_mmvd_constraint_flag u(1)  no_smvd_constraint_flag u(1)  no_prof_constraint_flag u(1)  no_bcw_constraint_flag u(1)  no_ibc_constraint_flag u(1)  no_ciip_constraint_flag u(1)  no_gpm_constraint_flag u(1)  no_ladf_constraint_flag u(1)  no_transform_skip_constraint_flag u(1)  no_bdpcm_constraint_flag u(1)  no_palette_constraint_flag u(1)  no_act_constraint_flag u(1)  no_lmcs_constraint_flag u(1)  no_cu_qp_delta_constraint_flag u(1)  no_chroma_qp_offset_constraint_flag u(1)  no_dep_quant_constraint_flag u(1)  no_sign_data_hiding_constraint_flag u(1)  no_tsrc_constraint_flag u(1)  no_mixed_nalu_types_in_pic_constraint_flag u(1)  no_trail_constraint_flag u(1)  no_stsa_constraint_flag u(1)  no_rasl_constraint_flag u(1)  no_radl_constraint_flag u(1)  no_idr_constraint_flag u(1)  no_cra_constraint_flag u(1)  no_gdr_constraint_flag u(1)  no_aps_constraint_flag u(1)  while( !byte_aligned( ) )   gci_alignment_zero_bit f(1)  gci_num_reserved_bytes u(8)  for( i = 0; i < gci_num_reserved_bytes; i++ )   gci_reserved_byte[ i ] u(8) }

With respect to Table 7, JVET-R2001 provides the following semantics:

general_non_packed_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that there shall not be any frame packing arrangement SEI messages present in the bitstream of the OlsInScope. general_non_packed_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose such a constraint.

-   -   NOTE—Decoders may ignore the value of         general_non_packed_constraint_flag, as there are no decoding         process requirements associated with the presence or         interpretation of frame packing arrangement SEI messages.         general_frame_only_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         OlsInScope conveys pictures that represent frames.         general_frame_only_constraint_flag equal to 0 specifies that         OlsInScope conveys pictures that may or may not represent         frames.     -   NOTE—Decoders may ignore the value of         general_frame_only_constraint_flag, as there are no decoding         process requirements associated with it.         general_non_projected_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         there shall not be any equirectangular projection SEI messages         or generalized cubemap projection SEI messages present in the         bitstream of the OlsInScope.         general_non_projected_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose         such a constraint.     -   NOTE—Decoders may ignore the value of         general_non_projected_constraint_flag, as there are no decoding         process requirements associated with the presence or         interpretation of equirectangular projection SEI messages and         generalized cubemap projection SEI messages.         general_one_picture_only_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies         that there is only one coded picture in the bitstream.         general_one_picture_only_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not         impose such a constraint.         intra_only_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sh_slice_type shall be equal to I. intra_only_constraint_flag         equal to 0 does not impose such a constraint. When         general_one_picture_only_constraint_flag is equal to 1, the         value of intra_only_constraint_flag shall be equal to 1.         max_bitdepth_constraint_idc specifies that sps_bit_depth_minus8         shall be in the range of 0 to max_bitdepth_constraint_idc,         inclusive.         max_chroma_format_constraint_idc specifies that         sps_chroma_format_idc shall be in the range of 0 to         max_chroma_format_constraint_idc, inclusive.         single_layer_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_video_parameter_set_id shall be equal to 0.         single_layer_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose such a         constraint. When general_one_picture_only_constraint_flag is         equal to 1, the value of single_layer_constraint_flag shall be         equal to 1.         all_layers_independent_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         vps_all_independent_layers_flag shall be equal to 1.         all_layers_independent_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not         impose such a constraint.         no_ref_pic_resampling_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_ref_pic_resampling_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0.         no_ref_pic_resampling_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose         such a constraint.         no_res_change_in_clvs_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_res_change_in_clvs_allowed_flag shall be equal to 0.         no_res_change_in_clvs_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose         such a constraint.         one_tile_per_pic_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that each         picture shall contain only one tile.         one_tile_per_pic_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose such         a constraint.         pic_header_in_slice_header_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies         that each picture shall contain only one slice and the value of         sh_picture_header_in_slice_header_flag in each slice shall be         equal to 1. pic_header_in_slice_header_constraint_flag equal to         0 does not impose such a constraint.         one_slice_per_pic_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that each         picture shall contain only one slice.         one_slice_per_pic_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose         such a constraint. When         pic_header_in_slice_header_constraint_flag is equal to 1, the         value of one_slice_per_pic_constraint_flag shall be equal to 1.         one_subpic_per_pic_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         each picture shall contain only one subpicture.         one_subpic_per_pic_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose         such a constraint. When one_slice_per_pic_constraint_flag is         equal to 1, the value of one_subpic_per_pic_constraint_flag         shall be equal to 1.         no_qtbtt_dual_tree_intra_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies         that sps_qtbtt_dual_tree_intra_flag shall be equal to 0.         no_qtbtt_dual_tree_intra_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not         impose such a constraint. When max_chroma_format_constraint_idc         is equal to 0, the value of         no_qtbtt_dual_tree_intra_constraint_flag shall be equal to 1.         no_partition_constraints_override_constraint_flag equal to 1         specifies that sps_partition_constraints_override_enabled_flag         shall be equal to 0.         no_partition_constraints_override_constraint_flag equal to 0         does not impose such a constraint.         no_sao_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_sao_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0. no_sao_constraint_flag         equal to 0 does not impose such a constraint.         no_alf_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_alf_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0. no_alf_constraint_flag         equal to 0 does not impose such a constraint.         no_ccalf_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_ccalf_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0.         no_ccalf_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose such a         constraint. When max_chroma_format_constraint_idc is equal to 0         or no_alf_constraint_flag is equal 1, the value of         no_ccalf_constraint_flag shall be equal to 1.         no_joint_cbcr_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_joint_cbcr_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0.         no_joint_cbcr_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose such a         constraint. When max_chroma_format_constraint_idc is equal to 0,         the value of nojoint_cbcr_constraint_flag shall be equal to 1.         no_mrl_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_mrl_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0. no_mrl_constraint_flag         equal to 0 does not impose such a constraint.         no_isp_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_isp_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0. no_isp_constraint_flag         equal to 0 does not impose such a constraint.         no_mip_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_mip_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0. no_mip_constraint_flag         equal to 0 does not impose such a constraint.         no_ref_wraparound_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_ref_wraparound_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0.         no_ref_wraparound_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose         such a constraint. When intra_only_constraint_flag is equal to         1, the value of no_ref_wraparound_constraint_flag shall be equal         to 1.         no_temporal_mvp_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_temporal_mvp_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0.         no_temporal_mvp_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose such         a constraint. When intra_only_constraint_flag is equal to 1, the         value of no_temporal_mvp_constraint_flag shall be equal to 1.         no_sbtmvp_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_sbtmvp_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0.         no_sbtmvp_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose such a         constraint. When no_temporal_mvp_constraint_flag is equal to 1,         the value of no_sbtmvp_constraint_flag shall be equal to 1.         no_amvr_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_amvr_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0.         no_amvr_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose such a         constraint. When intra_only_constraint_flag is equal to 1, the         value of no_amvr_constraint_flag shall be equal to 1.         no_bdof_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_bdof_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0.         no_bdof_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose such a         constraint. When intra_only_constraint_flag is equal to 1, the         value of no_bdof_constraint_flag shall be equal to 1.         no_dmvr_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_dmvr_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0.         no_dmvr_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose such a         constraint. When intra_only_constraint_flag is equal to 1, the         value of no_dmvr_constraint_flag shall be equal to 1.         no_cclm_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_cclm_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0.         no_cclm_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose such a         constraint. When max_chroma_format_constraint_idc is equal to 0,         the value of no_cclm_constraint_flag shall be equal to 1.         no_mts_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_mts_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0. no_mts_constraint_flag         equal to 0 does not impose such a constraint.         no_sbt_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_sbt_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0. no_sbt_constraint_flag         equal to 0 does not impose such a constraint.         no_lfnst_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_lfnst_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0.         no_lfnst_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose such a         constraint.         no_affine_motion_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_affine_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0.         no_affine_motion_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose such         a constraint. When intra_only_constraint_flag is equal to 1, the         value of no_affine_motion_constraint_flag shall be equal to 1.         no_mmvd_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_mmvd_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0.         no_mmvd_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose such a         constraint. When intra_only_constraint_flag is equal to 1, the         value of no_mmvd_constraint_flag shall be equal to 1.         no_smvd_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_smvd_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0.         no_smvd_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose such a         constraint. When intra_only_constraint_flag is equal to 1, the         value of no_smvd_constraint_flag shall be equal to 1.         no_prof_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_affine_prof_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0.         no_prof_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose such a         constraint. When intra_only_constraint_flag is equal to 1, the         value of no_prof_constraint_flag shall be equal to 1.         no_bcw_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_bcw_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0. no_bcw_constraint_flag         equal to 0 does not impose such a constraint. When         intra_only_constraint_flag is equal to 1, the value of         no_bcw_constraint_flag shall be equal to 1.         no_ibc_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_ibc_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0. no_ibc_constraint_flag         equal to 0 does not impose such a constraint.         no_ciip_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_ciip_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0.         no_cipp_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose such a         constraint. When intra_only_constraint_flag is equal to 1, the         value of no_cipp_constraint_flag shall be equal to 1.         no_gpm_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_gpm_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0. no_gpm_constraint_flag         equal to 0 does not impose such a constraint. When         intra_only_constraint_flag is equal to 1, the value of         no_gpm_constraint_flag shall be equal to 1.         no_ladf_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_ladf_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0.         no_ladf_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose such a         constraint.         no_transform_skip_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_transform_skip_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0.         no_transform_skip_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose         such a constraint.         no_bdpcm_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_bdpcm_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0.         no_bdpcm_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose such a         constraint.         no_palette_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_palette_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0.         no_palette_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose such a         constraint.         no_act_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_act_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0. no_act_constraint_flag         equal to 0 does not impose such a constraint.         no_lmes_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_lmcs_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0.         no_lmcs_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose such a         constraint.         no_cu_qp_delta_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         pps_cu_qp_delta_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0.         no_cu_qp_delta_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose such a         constraint. no_chroma_qp_offset_constraint_flag equal to 1         specifies that pps_cu_chroma_qp_offset_list_enabled_flag shall         be equal to 0. no_chroma_qp_offset_constraint_flag equal to 0         does not impose such a constraint.         no_dep_quant_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_dep_quant_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0.         no_dep_quant_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose such a         constraint.         no_sign_data_hiding_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_sign_data_hiding_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0.         no_sign_data_hiding_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose         such a constraint.         no_tsrc_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sh_ts_residual_coding_disabled_flag shall be equal to 0.         no_tsrc_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose such a         constraint.         no_mixed_nalu_types_in_pic_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies         that it is a requirement of bitstream conformance that         pps_mixed_nalu_types_in_pic_flag shall be equal to 0.         no_mixed_nalu_types_in_pic_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not         impose such a constraint.         no_trail_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that there shall         be no NAL unit with nuh_unit_type equal to TRAIL_NUT present in         OlsInScope. no_trail_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose         such a constraint.         no_stsa_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that there shall be         no NAL unit with nuh_unit_type equal to STSA_NUT present in         OlsInScope. no_stsa_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose         such a constraint.         no_rasl_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that there shall be         no NAL unit with nuh_unit_type equal to RASL_NUT present in         OlsInScope. no_rasl_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose         such a constraint.         no_radl_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that there shall be         no NAL unit with nuh_unit_type equal to RADL_NUT present in         OlsInScope. no_radl_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose         such a constraint.         no_idr_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that there shall be         no NAL unit with nuh_unit_type equal to IDR_W_RADL or IDR_N_LP         present in OlsInScope. no_idr_constraint_flag equal to 0 does         not impose such a constraint.         no_cra_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that there shall be         no NAL unit with nuh_unit_type equal to CRA_NUT present in         OlsInScope. no_cra_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not impose         such a constraint.         no_gdr_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that         sps_gdr_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0. no_gdr_constraint_flag         equal to 0 does not impose such a constraint.         no_aps_constraint_flag equal to 1 specifies that there shall be         no NAL unit with nuh_unit_type equal to PREFIX_APS_NUT or         SUFFIX_APS_NUT present in OlsInScope, and the         sps_lmcs_enabled_flag and sps_scaling_list_enabled_flag shall         both be equal to 0. no_aps_constraint_flag equal to 0 does not         impose such a constraint.         gci_alignment_zero_bits shall be equal to 0.         gci_num_reserved_bytes specifies the number of the reserved         constraint bytes. The value of gci_num_reserved_bytes shall         be 0. Other values of gci_num_reserved_bytes are reserved for         future use by ITU-T I ISO/IEC and shall not be present in         bitstreams conforming to this version of this Specification.         gci_reserved_byte[i] may have any value. Its presence and value         do not affect decoder conformance to profiles specified in this         version of this Specification. Decoders conforming to this         version of this Specification shall ignore the values of all the         gci_reserved_byte[i] syntax elements.

With respect to Table 6 and Table 7, it should be noted that the profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure is based on constraint flags being fixed length fields and fixed-length coded syntax elements without conditional presence being at the beginning of the profile_tier_level( ). That is, general_constraint_info( ) initially included fixed-length coded syntax elements without conditional presence. However, an extension mechanism was added to general_constraint_info( ), i.e., gci_reserved_byte[i], to allow future versions of VVC to introduce new constraint flags. Thus, according to JVET-R2001 in order to parse to the syntax element general_level_ide, i.e., the syntax element immediately subsequent to general_constraint_info( ), in a manner that is futureproof, the value of gci_num_reserved_bytes must be examined in order to determine how many gci_reserved_byte[i] bytes to parse through or jump over. Thus, the profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure and general_constraint_info( ) provided in JVET-R2001 is less than ideal.

It should be noted that when the PTL syntax structure is present in one of an SPS or in a DCI, then profileTierPresentFlag is equal to 1, meaning that syntax elements with conditional presence based on the value of profileTierPresentFlag will always be present when the profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure is present in an SPS and in a DCI. Furthermore, in the SPS, all syntax elements that precede the profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure are fixed length code and always present (no conditional presence).

It should be noted that it is common for system layer applications, analyzers, and network elements to inspect the values of syntax elements general_proflle_ide, general_tier_flag, and general_level_idc. According to the syntax provided in Table 4 and Table 6, in JVET-R2001, in the case where profile_tier_level( ) in the seq_parameter_set_rbsp( ) inspecting the values of syntax elements general_proflle_ide and general_tier_flag requires parsing the 3rd byte of seq_parameter_set_rbsp( ). However, because the location of general_level_ide in profile_tier_level( ) is based on the number of gci_num_reserved_bytes, inspecting the values of syntax element requires parsing the 14th byte of seq_parameter_set_rbsp( ) in the case where gci_num_reserved_bytes is equal to 0, which would be the case for JVET-R2001. However, general_level_ide could be located at another byte position in a future version of VVC.

According to the techniques described herein, general_constraint_info( ) may be repositioned within profile_tier_level( ) and/or modified to ensure syntax elements can be parsed without parsing variable length and/or conditionally presence syntax elements.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a system that may be configured to code (i.e., encode and/or decode) video data according to one or more techniques of this disclosure. System 100 represents an example of a system that may encapsulate video data according to one or more techniques of this disclosure. As illustrated in FIG. 1 , system 100 includes source device 102, communications medium 110, and destination device 120. In the example illustrated in FIG. 1 , source device 102 may include any device configured to encode video data and transmit encoded video data to communications medium 110. Destination device 120 may include any device configured to receive encoded video data via communications medium 110 and to decode encoded video data. Source device 102 and/or destination device 120 may include computing devices equipped for wired and/or wireless communications and may include, for example, set top boxes, digital video recorders, televisions, desktop, laptop or tablet computers, gaming consoles, medical imagining devices, and mobile devices, including, for example, smartphones, cellular telephones, personal gaming devices.

Communications medium 110 may include any combination of wireless and wired communication media, and/or storage devices. Communications medium 110 may include coaxial cables, fiber optic cables, twisted pair cables, wireless transmitters and receivers, routers, switches, repeaters, base stations, or any other equipment that may be useful to facilitate communications between various devices and sites. Communications medium 110 may include one or more networks. For example, communications medium 110 may include a network configured to enable access to the World Wide Web, for example, the Internet. A network may operate according to a combination of one or more telecommunication protocols. Telecommunications protocols may include proprietary aspects and/or may include standardized telecommunication protocols. Examples of standardized telecommunications protocols include Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) standards, Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) standards, Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting (ISDB) standards, Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) standards, Global System Mobile Communications (GSM) standards, code division multiple access (CDMA) standards, 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards, European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) standards, Internet Protocol (IP) standards, Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) standards, and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards.

Storage devices may include any type of device or storage medium capable of storing data. A storage medium may include a tangible or non-transitory computer-readable media. A computer readable medium may include optical discs, flash memory, magnetic memory, or any other suitable digital storage media. In some examples, a memory device or portions thereof may be described as non-volatile memory and in other examples portions of memory devices may be described as volatile memory. Examples of volatile memories may include random access memories (RAM), dynamic random access memories (DRAM), and static random access memories (SRAM). Examples of non-volatile memories may include magnetic hard discs, optical discs, floppy discs, flash memories, or forms of electrically programmable memories (EPROM) or electrically erasable and programmable (EEPROM) memories. Storage device(s) may include memory cards (e.g., a Secure Digital (SD) memory card), internal/external hard disk drives, and/or internal/external solid state drives. Data may be stored on a storage device according to a defined file format.

FIG. 4 is a conceptual drawing illustrating an example of components that may be included in an implementation of system 100. In the example implementation illustrated in FIG. 4 , system 100 includes one or more computing devices 402A-402N, television service network 404, television service provider site 406, wide area network 408, local area network 410, and one or more content provider sites 412A-412N. The implementation illustrated in FIG. 4 represents an example of a system that may be configured to allow digital media content, such as, for example, a movie, a live sporting event, etc., and data and applications and media presentations associated therewith to be distributed to and accessed by a plurality of computing devices, such as computing devices 402A-402N. In the example illustrated in FIG. 4 , computing devices 402A-402N may include any device configured to receive data from one or more of television service network 404, wide area network 408, and/or local area network 410. For example, computing devices 402A-402N may be equipped for wired and/or wireless communications and may be configured to receive services through one or more data channels and may include televisions, including so-called smart televisions, set top boxes, and digital video recorders. Further, computing devices 402A-402N may include desktop, laptop, or tablet computers, gaming consoles, mobile devices, including, for example, “smart” phones, cellular telephones, and personal gaming devices.

Television service network 404 is an example of a network configured to enable digital media content, which may include television services, to be distributed. For example, television service network 404 may include public over-the-air television networks, public or subscription-based satellite television service provider networks, and public or subscription-based cable television provider networks and/or over the top or Internet service providers. It should be noted that although in some examples television service network 404 may primarily be used to enable television services to be provided, television service network 404 may also enable other types of data and services to be provided according to any combination of the telecommunication protocols described herein. Further, it should be noted that in some examples, television service network 404 may enable two-way communications between television service provider site 406 and one or more of computing devices 402A-402N. Television service network 404 may comprise any combination of wireless and/or wired communication media. Television service network 404 may include coaxial cables, fiber optic cables, twisted pair cables, wireless transmitters and receivers, routers, switches, repeaters, base stations, or any other equipment that may be useful to facilitate communications between various devices and sites. Television service network 404 may operate according to a combination of one or more telecommunication protocols. Telecommunications protocols may include proprietary aspects and/or may include standardized telecommunication protocols. Examples of standardized telecommunications protocols include DVB standards, ATSC standards, ISDB standards, DTMB standards, DMB standards, Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) standards, HbbTV standards, W3C standards, and UPnP standards.

Referring again to FIG. 4 , television service provider site 406 may be configured to distribute television service via television service network 404. For example, television service provider site 406 may include one or more broadcast stations, a cable television provider, or a satellite television provider, or an Internet-based television provider. For example, television service provider site 406 may be configured to receive a transmission including television programming through a satellite uplink/downlink. Further, as illustrated in FIG. 4 , television service provider site 406 may be in communication with wide area network 408 and may be configured to receive data from content provider sites 412A-412N. It should be noted that in some examples, television service provider site 406 may include a television studio and content may originate therefrom.

Wide area network 408 may include a packet based network and operate according to a combination of one or more telecommunication protocols. Telecommunications protocols may include proprietary aspects and/or may include standardized telecommunication protocols. Examples of standardized telecommunications protocols include Global System Mobile Communications (GSM) standards, code division multiple access (CDMA) standards, 3^(rd) Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards, European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) standards, European standards (EN), IP standards, Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) standards, and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards, such as, for example, one or more of the IEEE 802 standards (e.g., Wi-Fi). Wide area network 408 may comprise any combination of wireless and/or wired communication media. Wide area network 408 may include coaxial cables, fiber optic cables, twisted pair cables, Ethernet cables, wireless transmitters and receivers, routers, switches, repeaters, base stations, or any other equipment that may be useful to facilitate communications between various devices and sites. In one example, wide area network 408 may include the Internet. Local area network 410 may include a packet based network and operate according to a combination of one or more telecommunication protocols. Local area network 410 may be distinguished from wide area network 408 based on levels of access and/or physical infrastructure. For example, local area network 410 may include a secure home network.

Referring again to FIG. 4 , content provider sites 412A-412N represent examples of sites that may provide multimedia content to television service provider site 406 and/or computing devices 402A-402N. For example, a content provider site may include a studio having one or more studio content servers configured to provide multimedia files and/or streams to television service provider site 406. In one example, content provider sites 412A-412N may be configured to provide multimedia content using the IP suite. For example, a content provider site may be configured to provide multimedia content to a receiver device according to Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP), HTTP, or the like. Further, content provider sites 412A-412N may be configured to provide data, including hypertext based content, and the like, to one or more of receiver devices computing devices 402A-402N and/or television service provider site 406 through wide area network 408. Content provider sites 412A-412N may include one or more web servers. Data provided by data provider site 412A-412N may be defined according to data formats.

Referring again to FIG. 1 , source device 102 includes video source 104, video encoder 106, data encapsulator 107, and interface 108. Video source 104 may include any device configured to capture and/or store video data. For example, video source 104 may include a video camera and a storage device operably coupled thereto. Video encoder 106 may include any device configured to receive video data and generate a compliant bitstream representing the video data. A compliant bitstream may refer to a bitstream that a video decoder can receive and reproduce video data therefrom. Aspects of a compliant bitstream may be defined according to a video coding standard. When generating a compliant bitstream video encoder 106 may compress video data. Compression may be lossy (discernible or indiscernible to a viewer) or lossless. FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an example of video encoder 500 that may implement the techniques for encoding video data described herein. It should be noted that although example video encoder 500 is illustrated as having distinct functional blocks, such an illustration is for descriptive purposes and does not limit video encoder 500 and/or sub-components thereof to a particular hardware or software architecture. Functions of video encoder 500 may be realized using any combination of hardware, firmware, and/or software implementations.

Video encoder 500 may perform intra prediction coding and inter prediction coding of picture areas, and, as such, may be referred to as a hybrid video encoder. In the example illustrated in FIG. 5 , video encoder 500 receives source video blocks. In some examples, source video blocks may include areas of picture that has been divided according to a coding structure. For example, source video data may include macroblocks, CTUs, CBs, sub-divisions thereof, and/or another equivalent coding unit. In some examples, video encoder 500 may be configured to perform additional sub-divisions of source video blocks. It should be noted that the techniques described herein are generally applicable to video coding, regardless of how source video data is partitioned prior to and/or during encoding. In the example illustrated in FIG. 5 , video encoder 500 includes summer 502, transform coefficient generator 504, coefficient quantization unit 506, inverse quantization and transform coefficient processing unit 508, summer 510, intra prediction processing unit 512, inter prediction processing unit 514, filter unit 516, and entropy encoding unit 518. As illustrated in FIG. 5 , video encoder 500 receives source video blocks and outputs a bitstream.

In the example illustrated in FIG. 5 , video encoder 500 may generate residual data by subtracting a predictive video block from a source video block. The selection of a predictive video block is described in detail below. Summer 502 represents a component configured to perform this subtraction operation. In one example, the subtraction of video blocks occurs in the pixel domain. Transform coefficient generator 504 applies a transform, such as a discrete cosine transform (DCT), a discrete sine transform (DST), or a conceptually similar transform, to the residual block or sub-divisions thereof (e.g., four 8×8 transforms may be applied to a 16×16 array of residual values) to produce a set of residual transform coefficients. Transform coefficient generator 504 may be configured to perform any and all combinations of the transforms included in the family of discrete trigonometric transforms, including approximations thereof. Transform coefficient generator 504 may output transform coefficients to coefficient quantization unit 506. Coefficient quantization unit 506 may be configured to perform quantization of the transform coefficients. The quantization process may reduce the bit depth associated with some or all of the coefficients. The degree of quantization may alter the rate-distortion (i.e., bit-rate vs. quality of video) of encoded video data. The degree of quantization may be modified by adjusting a quantization parameter (QP). A quantization parameter may be determined based on slice level values and/or CU level values (e.g., CU delta QP values). QP data may include any data used to determine a QP for quantizing a particular set of transform coefficients. As illustrated in FIG. 5 , quantized transform coefficients (which may be referred to as level values) are output to inverse quantization and transform coefficient processing unit 508. Inverse quantization and transform coefficient processing unit 508 may be configured to apply an inverse quantization and an inverse transformation to generate reconstructed residual data. As illustrated in FIG. 5 , at summer 510, reconstructed residual data may be added to a predictive video block. In this manner, an encoded video block may be reconstructed and the resulting reconstructed video block may be used to evaluate the encoding quality for a given prediction, transformation, and/or quantization. Video encoder 500 may be configured to perform multiple coding passes (e.g., perform encoding while varying one or more of a prediction, transformation parameters, and quantization parameters). The rate-distortion of a bitstream or other system parameters may be optimized based on evaluation of reconstructed video blocks. Further, reconstructed video blocks may be stored and used as reference for predicting subsequent blocks.

Referring again to FIG. 5 , intra prediction processing unit 512 may be configured to select an intra prediction mode for a video block to be coded. Intra prediction processing unit 512 may be configured to evaluate a frame and determine an intra prediction mode to use to encode a current block. As described above, possible intra prediction modes may include planar prediction modes, DC prediction modes, and angular prediction modes. Further, it should be noted that in some examples, a prediction mode for a chroma component may be inferred from a prediction mode for a luma prediction mode. Intra prediction processing unit 512 may select an intra prediction mode after performing one or more coding passes. Further, in one example, intra prediction processing unit 512 may select a prediction mode based on a rate-distortion analysis. As illustrated in FIG. 5 , intra prediction processing unit 512 outputs intra prediction data (e.g., syntax elements) to entropy encoding unit 518 and transform coefficient generator 504. As described above, a transform performed on residual data may be mode dependent (e.g., a secondary transform matrix may be determined based on a prediction mode).

Referring again to FIG. 5 , inter prediction processing unit 514 may be configured to perform inter prediction coding for a current video block. Inter prediction processing unit 514 may be configured to receive source video blocks and calculate a motion vector for PUs of a video block. A motion vector may indicate the displacement of a prediction unit of a video block within a current video frame relative to a predictive block within a reference frame.

Inter prediction coding may use one or more reference pictures. Further, motion prediction may be uni-predictive (use one motion vector) or bi-predictive (use two motion vectors). Inter prediction processing unit 514 may be configured to select a predictive block by calculating a pixel difference determined by, for example, sum of absolute difference (SAD), sum of square difference (SSD), or other difference metrics. As described above, a motion vector may be determined and specified according to motion vector prediction. Inter prediction processing unit 514 may be configured to perform motion vector prediction, as described above. Inter prediction processing unit 514 may be configured to generate a predictive block using the motion prediction data. For example, inter prediction processing unit 514 may locate a predictive video block within a frame buffer (not shown in FIG. 5 ). It should be noted that inter prediction processing unit 514 may further be configured to apply one or more interpolation filters to a reconstructed residual block to calculate sub-integer pixel values for use in motion estimation. Inter prediction processing unit 514 may output motion prediction data for a calculated motion vector to entropy encoding unit 518.

Referring again to FIG. 5 , filter unit 516 receives reconstructed video blocks and coding parameters and outputs modified reconstructed video data. Filter unit 516 may be configured to perform deblocking and/or Sample Adaptive Offset (SAO) filtering. SAO filtering is a non-linear amplitude mapping that may be used to improve reconstruction by adding an offset to reconstructed video data. It should be noted that as illustrated in FIG. 5 , intra prediction processing unit 512 and inter prediction processing unit 514 may receive modified reconstructed video block via filter unit 216. Entropy encoding unit 518 receives quantized transform coefficients and predictive syntax data (i.e., intra prediction data and motion prediction data). It should be noted that in some examples, coefficient quantization unit 506 may perform a scan of a matrix including quantized transform coefficients before the coefficients are output to entropy encoding unit 518. In other examples, entropy encoding unit 518 may perform a scan. Entropy encoding unit 518 may be configured to perform entropy encoding according to one or more of the techniques described herein. In this manner, video encoder 500 represents an example of a device configured to generate encoded video data according to one or more techniques of this disclosure.

Referring again to FIG. 1 , data encapsulator 107 may receive encoded video data and generate a compliant bitstream, e.g., a sequence of NAL units according to a defined data structure. A device receiving a compliant bitstream can reproduce video data therefrom. Further, as described above, sub-bitstream extraction may refer to a process where a device receiving a compliant bitstream forms a new compliant bitstream by discarding and/or modifying data in the received bitstream. It should be noted that the term conforming bitstream may be used in place of the term compliant bitstream. In one example, data encapsulator 107 may be configured to generate syntax according to one or more techniques described herein. It should be noted that data encapsulator 107 need not necessary be located in the same physical device as video encoder 106. For example, functions described as being performed by video encoder 106 and data encapsulator 107 may be distributed among devices illustrated in FIG. 4 .

As described above, the signaling of profile, tier, level information in JVET-R2001 may be less than ideal. In one example, according to the techniques herein, general_constraint_info( ) may be repositioned within profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure in order to ensure that syntax element general_level_idc can be parsed in the SPS without parsing any variable length or conditionally present syntax elements. Table 8 illustrates an example of a profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure which may be signaled and/or parsed according to the techniques herein. With respect to Table 8, the semantics may be based on the semantics provided above.

TABLE 8 Descriptor profile_tier_level( profileTierPresentFlag, maxNumSubLayersMinus1 ) {  if( profileTierPresentFlag ) {   general_profile_idc u(7)   general_tier_flag u(1)  }  general_level_idc u(8)  if( profileTierPresentFlag ) {   general_constraint_info( )   ptl_num_sub_profiles u(8)   for( i = 0; i < num_sub_profiles; i++ )    general_sub_profile_idc[ i ] u(32)  }  for( i = 0; i < maxNumSubLayersMinus1; i++ )   sublayer_level_present_flag[ i ] u(1)  while( !byte_aligned( ) )   ptl_alignment_zero_bit f(1)  for( i = 0; i < maxNumSubLayersMinus1; i++ )   if( sublayer_level_present_flag[ i ] )    sublayer_level_idc[ i ] u(8) }

It should be noted that it may be quite common that VVC bitstreams are created without any of the constraint flags applied, i.e. with all constraint flags set equal to 0. In one example, according to the techniques herein, a profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure may include a syntax element indicating that the constraint flags are not signaled, i.e., that general_constraint_info( ) is not present in a profile-tier-level( ). Table 9 illustrates an example of a profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure which may be signal and/or parsed according to the techniques herein.

TABLE 9 Descriptor profile_tier_level( profileTierPresentFlag, maxNumSubLayersMinus1 ) {  if( profileTierPresentFlag ) {   general_profile_idc u(7)   general_tier_flag u(1)   general_constraint_present_flag u(1)   if( general_constraint_present_flag )    general_constraint_info( )  }  general_level_idc u(8)  if( profileTierPresentFlag ) {   num_sub_profiles u(8)   for( i = 0; i < num_sub_profiles; i++ )    general_sub_profile_idc[ i ] u(32)  }  for( i = 0; i < maxNumSubLayersMinus1; i++ )   sublayer_level_present_flag[ i ] u(1)  while( !byte_aligned( ) )   ptl_alignment_zero_bit f(1)  for( i = 0; i < maxNumSubLayersMinus1; i++ )   if( sublayer_level_present_flag[ i ] )    sublayer_level_idc[ i ] u(8) }

With respect to Table 9, the semantics may be based on the semantics provided above with an inference rule for all flags so that the flags are inferred to be equal to 0 when not present. For example, an inference rule expressed in a xxxx_constraint_flag syntax element as follows: When not present, the value of xxxx_constraint_flag is inferred to be equal to 0. Further, the semantics for syntax element general_constraint_present-flag based on the following: general_constraint_present_flag equal to 1 specifies that general_constraint_info( ) is present in the profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure. general_constraint_present_flag equal to 0 specifies that general(constraint_info( ) is not present in the profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure.

It should be noted that Table 8 may be modified to include:

general_constraint_present_flag u(1) if( general_constraint_present_flag ) immediately preceding general_constraint_info( ).

More generally, general_constraint_present_flag may be used to condition the presence of general_constraint_info( ) in a profile_tier_level( ) regardless of the position of general_constraint_inf( ) within profile_tier_level( ). Further, general_constraint_present_flag does not necessarily need to immediately precede general_constraint_info( ).

Further, in one example, according to the techniques herein, syntax element ptl_num_sub_proflles may be repositioned to be directly subsequent to syntax element general_constraint_present_flag and changed to be represented by 7 bits, instead of 8, in order to keep the byte alignment (regardless of the value of the flag). Table 10 illustrates an example of a profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure which may be signaled and/or parsed according to the techniques herein. With respect to Table 10, the semantics may be based on the semantics provided above, with an inference rule for all flags so that the flags are inferred to be equal to 0 when not present.

TABLE 10 Descriptor profile_tier_level( profileTierPresentFlag, maxNumSubLayersMinus1 ) {  if( profileTierPresentFlag ) {   general_profile_idc u(7)   general_tier_flag u(1)  }  general_level_idc u(8)  if( profileTierPresentFlag ) {   general_constraint_present_flag u(1)   ptl_num_sub_profiles u(7)   if( general_constraint_present_flag )    general_constraint_info( )   for( i = 0; i < num_sub_profiles; i++ )    general_sub_profile_idc[ i ] u(32)  }  for( i = 0; i < maxNumSubLayersMinus1; i++ )   sublayer_level_present_flag[ i ] u(1)  while( !byte_aligned( ) )   ptl_alignment_zero_bit f(1)  for( i = 0; i < maxNumSubLayersMinus1; i++ )   if( sublayer_level_present_flag[ i ] )    sublayer_level_idc[ i ] u(8) }

In another example, according to the techniques herein, a ptl_reserved_zero_7bits syntax element (7 bits reserved for use in future versions of the specification) may be included in profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure, for example, directly preceding syntax element general_constraint_present_flag. That is, for example, added to the profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure illustrated in Table 9. This ensures that byte alignment is maintained regardless of the value of general_constraint_present_flag.

In another example, according to the techniques herein, general_constraint_info( ) syntax structure may be repositioned within profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure to be located after sub-profile syntax. That is, for example, referring to Table 6, immediately after plt_num_sub_profiles syntax element in one example, or immediately after the for loop for general_subcprofile_idc[i] syntax elements.

In one example, according to the techniques herein, the ability to not signal general_constraint_info( ) may be unified with the extension signaling of the general_constraint_info( ). That is, in one example, the gci_num_reserved_bytes may be replaced by a length field at the start of the general_constraint_info( ) syntax structure. The length filed indicating the total length of the constraint flags, including the ones that might be added in future versions of the VVC specification. Table 11 illustrates an example of a general_constraint_info( ) syntax structure which may be signaled and/or parsed according to the techniques herein. With respect to Table 11, a technical advantage is that it is possible to signal fewer flags (fewer bytes) for the general_constraint_info( ) syntax structure when one or more of the constraint flags are set to 0.

TABLE 11 Descriptor general_constraint_info( ) {  gci_num_constraint_bytes u(8)  if( gci_num_constraint_bytes > 0 )  {   general_non_packed_constraint_flag u(1)   general_frame_only_constraint_flag u(1)   general_non_projected_constraint_flag u(1)   general_one_picture_only_constraint_flag u(1)   max_bitdepth_constraint_idc u(4)  }  if( gci_num_constraint_bytes > 1 )  {   intra_only_constraint_flag u(1)   max_chroma_format_constraint_idc u(2)   single_layer_constraint_flag u(1)   all_layers_independent_constraint_flag u(1)   no_ref_pic_resampling_constraint_flag u(1)   no_res_change_in_clvs_constraint_flag u(1)   one_tile_per_pic_constraint_flag u(1)  }  if( gci_num_constraint_bytes > 2 )  {   pic_header_in_slice_header_constraint_flag u(1)   one_slice_per_pic_constraint_flag u(1)   one_subpic_per_pic_constraint_flag u(1)   no_qtbtt_dual_tree_intra_constraint_flag u(1)   no_partition_constraints_override_constraint_flag u(1)   no_sao_constraint_flag u(1)   no_alf_constraint_flag u(1)   no_ccalf_constraint_flag u(1)  }  if( gci_num_constraint_bytes > 3 )  {   no_joint_cbcr_constraint_flag u(1)   no_mrl_constraint_flag u(1)   no_isp_constraint_flag u(1)   no_mip_constraint_flag u(1)   no_ref_wraparound_constraint_flag u(1)   no_temporal_mvp_constraint_flag u(1)   no_sbtmvp_constraint_flag u(1)   no_amvr_constraint_flag u(1)  }  if( gci_num_constraint_bytes > 4 )  {   no_bdof_constraint_flag u(1)   no_dmvr_constraint_flag u(1)   no_cclm_constraint_flag u(1)   no_mts_constraint_flag u(1)   no_sbt_constraint_flag u(1)   no_lfnst_constraint_flag u(1)   no_affine_motion_constraint_flag u(1)   no_mmvd_constraint_flag u(1)  }  if( gci_num_constraint_bytes > 5 )  {   no_smvd_constraint_flag u(1)   no_prof_constraint_flag u(1)   no_bcw_constraint_flag u(1)   no_ibc_constraint_flag u(1)   no_ciip_constraint_flag u(1)   no_mmvd_constraint_flag u(1)   no_gpm_constraint_flag u(1)   no_ladf_constraint_flag u(1)  }  if( gci_num_constraint_bytes > 6 )  {   no_transform_skip_constraint_flag u(1)   no_bdpcm_constraint_flag u(1)   no_palette_constraint_flag u(1)   no_act_constraint_flag u(1)   no_lmcs_constraint_flag u(1)   no_cu_qp_delta_constraint_flag u(1)   no_chroma_qp_offset_constraint_flag u(1)   no_dep_quant_constraint_flag u(1)  }  if( gci_num_constraint_bytes > 7 )  {   no_sign_data_hiding_constraint_flag u(1)   no_tsrc_constraint_flag u(1)   no_mixed_nalu_types_in_pic_constraint_flag u(1)   no_trail_constraint_flag u(1)   no_stsa_constraint_flag u(1)   no_rasl_constraint_flag u(1)   no_radl_constraint_flag u(1)   no_idr_constraint_flag u(1)  }  if( gci_num_constraint_bytes > 8 )  {   no_cra_constraint_flag u(1)   no_gdr_constraint_flag u(1)   no_aps_constraint_flag u(1)   gci_reserved_zero_5bits u(5)  }  for( i = 0; i < gci_num_constraint_bytes − 9; i++ )   gci_reserved_byte[ i ] u(8) }

With respect to Table 11, the semantics may be based on the semantics provided above with an inference rule for all flags so that the flags are inferred to be equal to 0 when not present and the semantics for syntax element gci_num_constraint_bytes based on the following:

gci_num_constraint_bytes specifies the length in bytes of the general constraint info structure, not including the byte used for signalling gci_num_constraint_bytes itself. The value of gci_num_constraint_bytes shall be in the range of 0 to 9, inclusive. Other values of gci_num_constraint_bytes are reserved for future use by JTU-T I ISO/EC and shall not be present in bitstreams conforming to this version of this Specification.

In one example, according to the techniques herein, it may be beneficial to constrain the options provided to encoders so that either no constraint information is sent (zero bytes) or all defined constraint info is sent (i.e., e.g., 9 bytes of constraint information is included in general constraint information). Table 12 illustrates an example of a general_constraint_info( ) syntax structure which may be signaled and/or parsed according to the techniques herein.

TABLE 12 Descriptor general_constraint_info( ) {  gci_num_constraint_bytes u(8)  if( gci_num_constraint_bytes > 8 )  {   general_non_packed_constraint_flag u(1)   general_frame_only_constraint_flag u(1)   general_non_projected_constraint_flag u(1)   general_one_picture_only_constraint_flag u(1)   max_bitdepth_constraint_idc u(4)   intra_only_constraint_flag u(1)   max_chroma_format_constraint_idc u(2)   single_layer_constraint_flag u(1)   all_layers_independent_constraint_flag u(1)   no_ref_pic_resampling_constraint_flag u(1)   no_res_change_in_clvs_constraint_flag u(1)   one_tile_per_pic_constraint_flag u(1)   pic_header_in_slice_header_constraint_flag u(1)   one_slice_per_pic_constraint_flag u(1)   one_subpic_per_pic_constraint_flag u(1)   no_qtbtt_dual_tree_intra_constraint_flag u(1)   no_partition_constraints_override_constraint_flag u(1)   no_sao_constraint_flag u(1)   no_alf_constraint_flag u(1)   no_ccalf_constraint_flag u(1)   no_joint_cber_constraint_flag u(1)   no_mrl_constraint_flag u(1)   no_isp_constraint_flag u(1)   no_mip_constraint_flag u(1)   no_ref_wraparound_constraint_flag u(1)   no_temporal_mvp_constraint_flag u(1)   no_sbtmvp_constraint_flag u(1)   no_amvr_constraint_flag u(1)   no_bdof_constraint_flag u(1)   no_dmvr_constraint_flag u(1)   no_cclm_constraint_flag u(1)   no_mts_constraint_flag u(1)   no_sbt_constraint_flag u(1)   no_lfnst_constraint_flag u(1)   no_affine_motion_constraint_flag u(1)   no_mmvd_constraint_flag u(1)   no_smvd_constraint_flag u(1)   no_prof_constraint_flag u(1)   no_bcw_constraint_flag u(1)   no_ibc_constraint_flag u(1)   no_ciip_constraint_flag u(1)   no_mmvd_constraint_flag u(1)   no_gpm_constraint_flag u(1)   no_ladf_constraint_flag u(1)   no_transform_skip_constraint_flag u(1)   no_bdpcm_constraint_flag u(1)   no_palette_constraint_flag u(1)   no_act_constraint_flag u(1)   no_lmcs_constraint_flag u(1)   no_cu_qp_delta_constraint_flag u(1)   no_chroma_qp_offset_constraint_flag u(1)   no_dep_quant_constraint_flag u(1)   no_sign_data_hiding_constraint_flag u(1)   no_tsrc_constraint_flag u(1)   no_mixed_nalu_types_in_pic_constraint_flag u(1)   no_trail_constraint_flag u(1)   no_stsa_constraint_flag u(1)   no_rasl_constraint_flag u(1)   no_radl_constraint_flag u(1)   no_idr_constraint_flag u(1)   no_cra_constraint_flag u(1)   no_gdr_constraint_flag u(1)   no_aps_constraint_flag u(1)   gci_reserved_bits u(5)  }  for( i = 0; i < gci_num_constraint_bytes − 9; i++ )   gci_reserved_byte[ i ] u(8) }

With respect to Table 12, the semantics may be based on the semantics provided above with an inference rule for all flags so that the flags are inferred to be equal to 0 when not present and with the semantics for syntax element gci_num_constraint_bytes based on the following:

gci_num_constraint_bytes specifies the length in bytes of the general constraint info structure, not including the byte used for signalling gci_num_constraint_bytes itself. The value of gci_num_constraint_bytes shall be equal to 0 or equal to 9. Other values of gci_num_constraint_bytes are reserved for future use by ITU-T I ISO/IEC and shall not be present in bitstreams conforming to this version of this Specification.

It should be noted that the example general_constraint_info( ) syntax structures provided in Table 11 and Table 12 may be used in combination with any of the profile_tier_level( ) syntax structures described above.

In this manner, source device 102 represents an example of a device configured to signal a syntax element in a profile tier level syntax structure specifying whether a general constraint information syntax structure is present in the profile tier level syntax structure, and conditionally signal a general constraint information syntax structure in the profile tier level syntax structure based on the value of the syntax element.

Referring again to FIG. 1 , interface 108 may include any device configured to receive data generated by data encapsulator 107 and transmit and/or store the data to a communications medium. Interface 108 may include a network interface card, such as an Ethernet card, and may include an optical transceiver, a radio frequency transceiver, or any other type of device that can send and/or receive information. Further, interface 108 may include a computer system interface that may enable a file to be stored on a storage device. For example, interface 108 may include a chipset supporting Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) and Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) bus protocols, proprietary bus protocols, Universal Serial Bus (USB) protocols, I²C, or any other logical and physical structure that may be used to interconnect peer devices.

Referring again to FIG. 1 , destination device 120 includes interface 122, data decapsulator 123, video decoder 124, and display 126. Interface 122 may include any device configured to receive data from a communications medium. Interface 122 may include a network interface card, such as an Ethernet card, and may include an optical transceiver, a radio frequency transceiver, or any other type of device that can receive and/or send information. Further, interface 122 may include a computer system interface enabling a compliant video bitstream to be retrieved from a storage device. For example, interface 122 may include a chipset supporting PCI and PCIe bus protocols, proprietary bus protocols, USB protocols, IC, or any other logical and physical structure that may be used to interconnect peer devices. Data decapsulator 123 may be configured to receive and parse any of the example syntax structures described herein.

Video decoder 124 may include any device configured to receive a bitstream (e.g., a sub-bitstream extraction) and/or acceptable variations thereof and reproduce video data therefrom. Display 126 may include any device configured to display video data. Display 126 may comprise one of a variety of display devices such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), a plasma display, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display, or another type of display. Display 126 may include a High Definition display or an Ultra High Definition display. It should be noted that although in the example illustrated in FIG. 1 , video decoder 124 is described as outputting data to display 126, video decoder 124 may be configured to output video data to various types of devices and/or sub-components thereof. For example, video decoder 124 may be configured to output video data to any communication medium, as described herein.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a video decoder that may be configured to decode video data according to one or more techniques of this disclosure (e.g., the decoding process for reference-picture list construction described above). In one example, video decoder 600 may be configured to decode transform data and reconstruct residual data from transform coefficients based on decoded transform data. Video decoder 600 may be configured to perform intra prediction decoding and inter prediction decoding and, as such, may be referred to as a hybrid decoder. Video decoder 600 may be configured to parse any combination of the syntax elements described above in Tables 1-12. Video decoder 600 may decode a picture based on or according to the processes described above, and further based on parsed values in Tables 1-12.

In the example illustrated in FIG. 6 , video decoder 600 includes an entropy decoding unit 602, inverse quantization unit and transform coefficient processing unit 604, intra prediction processing unit 606, inter prediction processing unit 608, summer 610, post filter unit 612, and reference buffer 614. Video decoder 600 may be configured to decode video data in a manner consistent with a video coding system. It should be noted that although example video decoder 600 is illustrated as having distinct functional blocks, such an illustration is for descriptive purposes and does not limit video decoder 600 and/or sub-components thereof to a particular hardware or software architecture. Functions of video decoder 600 may be realized using any combination of hardware, firmware, and/or software implementations.

As illustrated in FIG. 6 , entropy decoding unit 602 receives an entropy encoded bitstream. Entropy decoding unit 602 may be configured to decode syntax elements and quantized coefficients from the bitstream according to a process reciprocal to an entropy encoding process. Entropy decoding unit 602 may be configured to perform entropy decoding according any of the entropy coding techniques described above. Entropy decoding unit 602 may determine values for syntax elements in an encoded bitstream in a manner consistent with a video coding standard. As illustrated in FIG. 6 , entropy decoding unit 602 may determine a quantization parameter, quantized coefficient values, transform data, and prediction data from a bitstream. In the example, illustrated in FIG. 6 , inverse quantization unit and transform coefficient processing unit 604 receives a quantization parameter, quantized coefficient values, transform data, and prediction data from entropy decoding unit 602 and outputs reconstructed residual data.

Referring again to FIG. 6 , reconstructed residual data may be provided to summer 610. Summer 610 may add reconstructed residual data to a predictive video block and generate reconstructed video data. A predictive video block may be determined according to a predictive video technique (i.e., intra prediction and inter frame prediction). Intra prediction processing unit 606 may be configured to receive intra prediction syntax elements and retrieve a predictive video block from reference buffer 614. Reference buffer 614 may include a memory device configured to store one or more frames of video data. Intra prediction syntax elements may identify an intra prediction mode, such as the intra prediction modes described above. Inter prediction processing unit 608 may receive inter prediction syntax elements and generate motion vectors to identify a prediction block in one or more reference frames stored in reference buffer 616. Inter prediction processing unit 608 may produce motion compensated blocks, possibly performing interpolation based on interpolation filters. Identifiers for interpolation filters to be used for motion estimation with sub-pixel precision may be included in the syntax elements. Inter prediction processing unit 608 may use interpolation filters to calculate interpolated values for sub-integer pixels of a reference block. Post filter unit 614 may be configured to perform filtering on reconstructed video data. For example, post filter unit 614 may be configured to perform deblocking and/or Sample Adaptive Offset (SAO) filtering, e.g., based on parameters specified in a bitstream. Further, it should be noted that in some examples, post filter unit 614 may be configured to perform proprietary discretionary filtering (e.g., visual enhancements, such as, mosquito noise reduction). As illustrated in FIG. 6 , a reconstructed video block may be output by video decoder 600. In this manner, video decoder 600 represents an example of a device configured parse a syntax element in a profile tier level syntax structure specifying whether a general constraint information syntax structure is present in the profile tier level syntax structure, and conditionally parse a general constraint information syntax structure in the profile tier level syntax structure based on the value of the syntax element.

In one or more examples, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium and executed by a hardware-based processing unit. Computer-readable media may include computer-readable storage media, which corresponds to a tangible medium such as data storage media, or communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another, e.g., according to a communication protocol. In this manner, computer-readable media generally may correspond to (1) tangible computer-readable storage media which is non-transitory or (2) a communication medium such as a signal or carrier wave. Data storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by one or more computers or one or more processors to retrieve instructions, code and/or data structures for implementation of the techniques described in this disclosure. A computer program product may include a computer-readable medium.

By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable storage media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, or other magnetic storage devices, flash memory, or any other medium that can be used to store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if instructions are transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. It should be understood, however, that computer-readable storage media and data storage media do not include connections, carrier waves, signals, or other transitory media, but are instead directed to non-transitory, tangible storage media. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

Instructions may be executed by one or more processors, such as one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), general purpose microprocessors, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable logic arrays (FPGAs), or other equivalent integrated or discrete logic circuitry. Accordingly, the term “processor,” as used herein may refer to any of the foregoing structure or any other structure suitable for implementation of the techniques described herein. In addition, in some aspects, the functionality described herein may be provided within dedicated hardware and/or software modules configured for encoding and decoding, or incorporated in a combined codec. Also, the techniques could be fully implemented in one or more circuits or logic elements.

The techniques of this disclosure may be implemented in a wide variety of devices or apparatuses, including a wireless handset, an integrated circuit (IC) or a set of ICs (e.g., a chip set). Various components, modules, or units are described in this disclosure to emphasize functional aspects of devices configured to perform the disclosed techniques, but do not necessarily require realization by different hardware units. Rather, as described above, various units may be combined in a codec hardware unit or provided by a collection of interoperative hardware units, including one or more processors as described above, in conjunction with suitable software and/or firmware.

Moreover, each functional block or various features of the base station device and the terminal device used in each of the aforementioned embodiments may be implemented or executed by a circuitry, which is typically an integrated circuit or a plurality of integrated circuits. The circuitry designed to execute the functions described in the present specification may comprise a general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific or general application integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), or other programmable logic devices, discrete gates or transistor logic, or a discrete hardware component, or a combination thereof. The general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, or alternatively, the processor may be a conventional processor, a controller, a microcontroller or a state machine. The general-purpose processor or each circuit described above may be configured by a digital circuit or may be configured by an analogue circuit. Further, when a technology of making into an integrated circuit superseding integrated circuits at the present time appears due to advancement of a semiconductor technology, the integrated circuit by this technology is also able to be used.

Various examples have been described. These and other examples are within the scope of the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A decoding device for decoding video data, the decoding device comprising: a processor, and a memory associated with the processor; wherein the processor is configured to receive a profile level tier syntax structure providing level information and general constraints information, wherein: the profile level tier structure includes a first syntax element indicating a level to which a video sequence conforms, the first syntax element is aligned as a first byte of the profile level tier syntax structure in a case that a value of a profile tier present flag is equal to 0, the first syntax element is aligned as a second byte of the profile level tier syntax structure in a case that the value of the profile tier present flag is equal to 1, the profile level tier structure includes a general constraints information syntax structure, which is present after the second byte of the profile level tier structure in the case that the value of the profile tier present flag is equal to 1, and the general constraints information syntax structure includes a second syntax element indicating whether additional syntax elements are present in the general constraints information syntax structure.
 2. An encoding device for encoding video data, the encoding device comprising: a processor, and a memory associated with the processor; wherein the processor is configured to signal a profile level tier syntax structure providing level information and general constraints information, wherein: the profile level tier structure includes a first syntax element indicating a level to which a video sequence conforms, the first syntax element is aligned as a first byte of the profile level tier syntax structure in a case that a value of a profile tier present flag is equal to 0, the first syntax element is aligned as a second byte of the profile level tier syntax structure in a case that the value of the profile tier present flag is equal to 1, the profile level tier structure includes a general constraints information syntax structure, which is present after the second byte of the profile level tier structure in the case that the value of the profile tier present flag is equal to 1, and the general constraints information syntax structure includes a second syntax element indicating whether additional syntax elements are present in the general constraints information syntax structure.
 3. A decoding method for decoding video data, the decoding method including: receiving a profile level tier syntax structure providing level information and general constraints information, wherein: the profile level tier structure includes a first syntax element indicating a level to which a video sequence conforms, the first syntax element is aligned as a first byte of the profile level tier syntax structure in a case that a value of a profile tier present flag is equal to 0, the first syntax element is aligned as a second byte of the profile level tier syntax structure in a case that the value of the profile tier present flag is equal to 1, the profile level tier structure includes a general constraints information syntax structure, which is present after the second byte of the profile level tier structure in the case that the value of the profile tier present flag is equal to 1, and the general constraints information syntax structure includes a second syntax element indicating whether additional syntax elements are present in the general constraints information syntax structure. 